【正文】 1 Helsinki University of Technology DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Laura Pombo Laboratory of Computational Engineering Helsinki University of Technology Helsinki University of Technology 2 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction ? INTRODUCTION: Bioinformatics DNA RNA Proteins Helsinki University of Technology 3 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction BIOINFORMATICS ? Bioinformatics involves the integration of puters, software tools, and databases in an effort to address biological questions. Bioinformatics approaches are often used for major initiatives that generate large data sets. ? Two important largescale activities that use bioinformatics are genomics and proteomics. ? Genomics refers to the analysis of genomes. – A genome can be thought of as the plete set of DNA sequences that codes for the hereditary material that is passed on from generation to generation. – Thus, genomics refers to the sequencing and analysis of all of these genomic entities, including genes and transcripts, in an anism. Helsinki University of Technology 4 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Bioinformatics, continue … ? Proteomics, on the other hand, refers to the analysis of the plete set of proteins or proteome. ? In addition to genomics and proteomics, there are many more areas of biology where bioinformatics is being applied (., metabolomics, transcriptomics). Each of these important areas in bioinformatics aims to understand plex biological systems. Many scientists today refer to the next wave in bioinformatics as systems biology, an approach to tackle new and plex biological questions. Systems biology involves the integration of genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics information to create a whole system view of a biological entity. Helsinki University of Technology 5 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Bioinformatics Pa ra ve r e st a p e l韈 u l a , d e b ed i sp o n e r d e Q u ick T ime ? y d eu n d e s co mp re so r T I F F ( si n co m p ri m ir) .Helsinki University of Technology 6 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Central Dogma ? DNA ? RNA ? Protein Helsinki University of Technology 7 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction DNA to RNA Portions of DNA Sequence Are Transcribed into RNA ? The first step of a cell is to copy a particular portion of its DNA nucleotide sequence ( =gene) ? Similarities: – DNA and RNA is a linear polymer made of four different types of nucleotide subunits linked together by phosphodiester bonds – DNA and RNA contains the bases adenine (A), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) ? Differences: – In RNA the nucleotides are ribonucleotides (=contain the sugar ribose) – RNA contains uracil (U) instead of the thymine (T) My summary from the book: Molecular Biology of THE CELL (Bruce Alberts, et al.) Helsinki University of Technology 8 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Different RNAs ? mRNAs – (messenger RNAs), code for proteins ? rRNAs – (ribosomal RNAs), form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis ? tRNAs – (transfer RNA), central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids ? snRNAs – (small nuclear RNAs), function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of preMrna ? snoRNAs – (small nucleolar RNAs), used to process and chemically modify rRNAs ? Other noncoding RNAs – function in diverse cellular processes, including telomere synthesis, Xchromosome inactivation and the transport of proteins into te ER Helsinki University of Technology 9 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Helsinki University of Technology 10 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction RNA structure prediction Pa ra ve r e st a p e l韈 u l a , d e b ed i sp o n e r d e Q u ick T ime ? y d eu n d e s co mp re so r T I F F (s in co m p ri mi r).Pa ra ve r e st a p e l韈 u l a , d e b ed i sp o n e r d e Q u ick T im e ? y d eu n d e s co m p re so r T I F F ( si n co m p ri m ir) .Helsinki University of Technology 11 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction Helsinki University of Technology 12 DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction ? RNA is transcribed (or synthesized) in cells as single strands of (ribose) nucleic acids. However, these sequences are not simply long strands of