【正文】
機械手畢業(yè)設計論文 第 1 頁 共 36 頁 目 錄 摘要 ...................................................................... 2 ABSTRACET ................................................................. 3 引言 ...................................................................... 5 1 PLC 的發(fā)展歷程和構成 ................................................... 7 PLC 的發(fā)展史 ...................................................... 7 PLC 的構成 ......................................................... 8 CPU 的構成 ......................................................... 8 模塊 ........................................................... 8 電源模塊 ........................................................... 9 底版和機架 ......................................................... 9 PLC 系統(tǒng)的其他設備 ................................................. 9 2 機械手的組成 .......................................................... 10 機械手的發(fā)展 ...................................................... 10 動力臂的機械構造 .................................................. 10 控制和動力臂的機械構造 ............................................ 11 位置控制系統(tǒng) ...................................................... 11 負載反傳系統(tǒng) ...................................................... 11 3 機械手 PLC 的發(fā)展歷程和構成 ............................................. 12 根據工藝過程分析控制要求 .......................................... 12 確定所需的用戶輸入 /輸出設備及 I/O 點數 ............................. 15 PLC 的選擇 ........................................................ 18 分配 PLCI/O 點的編號 (定義號 ) ....................................... 18 PLC 程序設計 ...................................................... 18 4 英文資料 .............................................................. 30 個人小結 ................................................................. 35 參考文獻 ................................................................. 46 機械手畢業(yè)設計論文 第 2 頁 共 36 頁 機械手的 PLC 控制 設計及調試 摘要 機械手 能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬運物件或操作工具的自動操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產的機械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護人身安全,因而廣泛應用于機械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。 機械手主要由手部和運動機構組成。手部是用來抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根據被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結構形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運動機構,使手部完成各種轉動(擺動)、移動或復合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢。運動 機構的升降、伸縮、旋轉等獨立運動方式,稱為機械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體,需有 6 個自由度。自由度是機 械手設計的關 鍵參數。自由 度越多,機械手的靈活性越大,通用性越廣,其結構也越復雜。一般專用機械手有 2~ 3個自由度。 機械手的種類,按驅動方式可分為液壓式、氣動式、電動式、機械式機械手;按適用范圍可分為專用機械手和通用機械手兩種;按運動軌跡控制方式可分為點位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機械手等。 機械手通常用作機床或其他機器的附加裝置,如在自動機床或自動生產線上裝卸和傳遞工件, 在加工中心中更換刀具等,一般沒有獨立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱,如用于原子能部門操持危險物品的主從式操作手也常稱為機械手 關鍵詞 :點控制機械手 連續(xù)控制機械手 可編程控制技術 機械手畢業(yè)設計論文 第 3 頁 共 36 頁 ABSTRACT The manipulator can imitate the manpower and the arm certain movement functions, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing 39。or39。 operation tool automatic operation installment. It may replace human39。s strenuous labor by to realize the production mechanization and the automation, can operate under the harmful environment by protects the personal safety ,Thus widely applies in department and so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, light industry and atomic energy. The manipulator mainly is posed by the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) a part, according to is grasped holds the thing the shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request but has the many kinds of structural style , Like supporting on both sides, request holding and adsorption and so on. motion , causes the hand to plete each kind of rotation (to swing), the migration or the pound motion realizes the stipulation movement , the change is grasped holds the thing the position and the posture. The motion fluctuation, the expansion and contraction, revolves and so on the independence movement way , is called manipulator39。s degree of freedom. In order to capture in the space the free position and the position object , must have 6 degrees of freedom. The degree of freedom is the essential parameter which the manipulator designs. The freedom goes past much , manipulator39。s flexibility is bigger ,the versatility is broader , Its structure is also more plex. The mon specialpurpose manipulator has a 2~3 degree of freedom. Manipulator39。s type, may divide into the hydraulic pressure type air operated according to the drive type, like, electromotive type, the mechanical type manipulator。 May divide into the specialpurpose manipulator and the generalpurpose manipulator two kinds according to the applicable scope。 may divide into the position control and the continual trajectory control manipulator according to the path control mode and so on. The manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or other machines addon 機械手畢業(yè)設計論文 第 4 頁 共 36 頁 ponents , like on automatic engine bed or automatic production line loading and unloading and transmission work piece, Replaces the cutting tool in the processing center and so on, does not have the independent control device generally. Somewhat operates the equipment to need by the human direct control, like uses in the host which the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator also often being called the manipulator. Keywords: position control manipulator continual trajectory control manipulator PLC 機械手畢業(yè)設計論文 第 5 頁 共 36 頁 引言 機械手是一種能模擬人的手臂的部分動作 ,按預定的程序、軌跡及其它要求,實現(xiàn)抓取、搬運工件或操縱工具的自動化裝置; 本設計中的機械手采用關節(jié)式結構。各動作由液壓驅動,并由電磁閥控制。動作順序及各動作時間的間隔采用按時間原則。 機械手的結構主要由手指,手腕,小臂和大臂等幾部分組成。料架為旋轉式,由料盤和棘輪機構組成。每次轉動一定角度(由工件數決定)以保證待加工零件對準機械手。 而可編程控制器(PLC)由于其具有的高可靠性、編程方便、易于使用和修改,易于擴展和維護,環(huán)境要求低、體積小巧,安裝調試方便,在工業(yè)控制中有著廣泛的應用。 PLC 控制系統(tǒng)采用三菱 F1 系列超小型 PLC 對機械手進行動作控制。各動作由油泵電機(采用 )液壓驅動,并由電磁閥控制。其中油泵電機及各電磁閥運行狀態(tài)均有指示燈顯示 根據我們所設計的機械手的驅動部件為步進電機的特點,應用PLC移位寄存SFT指令可以很方便、靈活