[經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)]中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)范里安課件ch(已修改)
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【正文】 Chapter ThirtyThree Externalities Externalities ?An externality is a cost or a benefit imposed upon a consumer or a firm by actions taken by others. The cost or benefit is thus generated externally to the consumer or the firm. ?An externally imposed benefit is a positive externality. ?An externally imposed cost is a negative externality. Examples of Negative Externalities ?Air pollution. ?Water pollution. ?Loud parties next door. ?Traffic congestion. ?Secondhand cigarette smoke suffered by a nonsmoker. ?Increased health insurance premia due to alcohol or tobacco consumption. Examples of Positive Externalities ?A wellmaintained property next door that raises the market value of your own property. ?A pleasant cologne or scent worn by the person seated next to you. ?Improved driving habits that reduce accident risks. ?A scientific advance. Externalities and Efficiency ?The crucial feature of an externality is that it impacts a third party。 that is, somebody who is not directly a participant in the activity which produces the external cost or benefit. Externalities and Efficiency ?Externalities cause Pareto inefficiency。 typically –too much scarce resource is allocated to an activity which causes a negative externality –too little resource is allocated to an activity which causes a positive externality. Externalities and Property Rights ?An externality will be taken to be a purely public modity. ?A modity is purely public if –it is consumed by everyone (nonexcludability), and –everybody consumes the entire amount of the modity (nonrivalry in consumption). ?. a broadcast television program. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities ?Consider an example of two agents, A and B, and two modities, money and smoke. ?Both smoke and money are goods for Agent A. ?Money is a good and smoke is a bad for Agent B. ?Smoke is a purely public modity. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities ?Agent A is endowed with $yA. ?Agent B is endowed with $yB. ?Smoke intensity is measured on a scale from 0 (no smoke) to 1 (maximum concentration). Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA yA Money and smoke are both goods for Agent A. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA yA Money and smoke are both goods for Agent A. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OB 1 0 Smoke mB yB Money is a good and smoke is a bad for Agent B. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OB 1 0 Smoke mB yB Money is a good and smoke is a bad for Agent B. Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities ?What are the efficient allocations of smoke and money? Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA yA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yB Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Efficient allocations Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities ?Suppose there is no mechanism by which money can be exchanged for changes in smoke level. ?What then is Agent A’s most preferred allocation? ?Is this allocation efficient? Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Efficient allocations Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Efficient allocations A’s choices Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke mB yA yB Efficient allocations A’s most preferred choice is inefficient Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities ?Continue to suppose there is no mechanism by which money can be exchanged for changes in smoke level. ?What is Agent B’s most preferred allocation? ?Is this allocation efficient? Inefficiency amp。 Negative Externalities OA 1 0 Smoke mA OB 1 0 Smoke
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