【正文】 建設(shè)期借款利息，流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)投資1園林工程質(zhì)量控制的原則：（1）堅(jiān)持質(zhì)量第一，用戶至上的原則（2）堅(jiān)持以人為控制核心的原則（3）堅(jiān)持以預(yù)防為主的原則（4）嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的原則（5）貫徹科學(xué)、公正、守法的職業(yè)道德1可行性研究的工作程序：（1）組建可行性研究工作組（2）了解業(yè)主目標(biāo)，確定可行性研究的范圍（3）數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)研（4）方案設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)選（5）經(jīng)濟(jì)分析與財(cái)務(wù)評價(jià)（6）編寫可行性研究報(bào)告現(xiàn)代園林的特點(diǎn)：（1）注重綠地的系統(tǒng)性（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)系統(tǒng)的外向性與開放性（3）富于抽象性和寓意性（4）具有鮮明的規(guī)律性和裝飾性2計(jì)算題：：(119880+55201500)/15=7724元月折舊額：7724/12=：7724/11980*100%=%月折舊率：*100%=%2園林經(jīng)濟(jì)管理的學(xué)科特點(diǎn)：P2（1）從學(xué)科內(nèi)容而言，園林經(jīng)濟(jì)管理具有綜合性（2）從來源去向而言，園林經(jīng)濟(jì)管理具有實(shí)踐性（3）從研究趨勢而言，園林經(jīng)濟(jì)管理具有發(fā)展性2現(xiàn)代園林與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)系P262園林工程招標(biāo)的一般程序:15各階段1招標(biāo)資格與備案 第三篇：經(jīng)濟(jì)管理專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn) rankings: one of the two ways to measure this way, numerical values are assigned to represent ：衡量效用的兩種方法之一，用這種方法，數(shù)值就被用來代表效用 rankings: one of the two ways to measure this way, utility is measured without a specified rankings providethe order of preference without absolute scale of difference in ：一個(gè)效用的測量兩種方式。在這種方式中，它是沒有指定的單元測試。 substitution: refers to the products in very much similar qualities that a consumer would just as soon have one as the ：是指產(chǎn)品在非常相似，消費(fèi)者寧愿有一個(gè)為其他的品質(zhì) promising（訂單承諾）: to grant a customer to ship or deliver an system : a system in which price , output, and volume decisions are made through the interaction of supply and demandmarket forces rather than by a central government ：在價(jià)格，輸出系統(tǒng)，和體積的決定是通過市場供求的力量，而不是由一個(gè)中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)的相互作用 credit : credit between a seller trusts a buyer and allows the buyer to pay later but within certain :信貸之間通常,.賣方信任一個(gè)買家,并允許買方付款后但在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)。 main forms of market structure and organization stand out:（1）perfect petitionmany sellers of a standardized product.（完全競爭）（2）monopolistic petitionmany sellers of a differentiated product.(壟斷競爭）（3）oligopoly petitionfew sellers of either a standardized or a differentiated product.(寡頭競爭）(4)monopolya single sellers of a product for which there is no close substitute.（完全壟斷）完全競爭—很多商家賣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的產(chǎn)品 ； 壟斷競爭—很多商家賣差異化的產(chǎn)品寡頭競爭少來那個(gè)商家生產(chǎn)出售相同或者差異商品 ；完全壟斷—個(gè)商家賣某種產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品無相近替代） makers have at their mand two broad classes of policies with which to affect the policy is controlled by theFederal Reserve System(the Fed).The instruments of monetary policy are changes in the stock of money, changes in the interest rate—the discount rate—at which the Fed lends money to banks, and some controls over the banking system Fiscal policy is under the control of the Congress, and usually is initiated by the executive branch of the instruments of fiscal policy are tax rates and government spending.(page12)政策制定者可以自由地運(yùn)用兩大類政策影響經(jīng)濟(jì)。貨幣政策由聯(lián)邦 儲(chǔ)備系統(tǒng)管理，其政策工具是調(diào)節(jié)貨幣儲(chǔ)備，調(diào)節(jié)利率——貼現(xiàn)率——聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備系統(tǒng)借款給銀行的利率和一些經(jīng)由銀行系統(tǒng)實(shí)施的控制。財(cái)政政策由國會(huì)控制，通常通過政府行政機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)揮作用，它的政策工具是稅率和政府支出。 economy affects stabilization policy in more ways than through the costs which policy makers of different political persuasionsattach to inflation and unemployment, and the risks they are willing to undertake in trying to improve the economic is also the socalled political business cycle, which is based on the observation that election results are affected by economic the economic situation is improving and the unemployment rate is falling , incumbent presidents tend to be is thus the incentive to policy makers running for reelection, or who wish to affect the election results , to use stabilization policy to produce booming economic conditions before elections.(page13)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)在很多方面影響平衡政策而不是僅僅通過具有不同政治觀點(diǎn)的政策制定者花在通貨膨脹和失業(yè)上的代價(jià)，以及他們在試圖改變經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢時(shí)愿意承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。還有所謂的政治景氣循環(huán)，它是以對受經(jīng)濟(jì)條件影響的選舉結(jié)果的觀察為基礎(chǔ)的。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況改善，失業(yè)率下降時(shí)，現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)就可能再次競選。因此激勵(lì)了再次競選的政治決策者或想影響競選結(jié)果的人，在競選之前使用平衡政策來制造經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的景象。 promising means making a mitment to the customer to ship or deliver an promise by operations management alsoserves as its mitment to the partnership that marketing and operations should notice of order promise can provide salespeople with sound information for use in making any delivery notice also helps get more return , the sales force may be able to more closely gear selling activities toward operating capacity。that is , salespeople may push sales of items that require use of idle or slack operations capacity and ease off on items that would strain other capacity.(page46)訂單承諾的意思是向顧客做出裝船或交付訂單的承諾。經(jīng)營管理中的訂單承諾也作為對銷售部門和管理部門應(yīng)有的協(xié)作的承諾。訂單承諾的迅速下達(dá)可以為銷售人員提供用來作出任何交付安排的充分的信息。及時(shí)的通知還可以幫助提高銷售額。作為回報(bào)，銷售人員也許能夠?qū)⒔?jīng)營能力與銷售活動(dòng)更緊密的配合，銷售人員可能促成多銷一些產(chǎn)品，因而需要使用閑置的生產(chǎn)能力，從而減輕另一些設(shè)備的壓力。 strategies : push strategies rely on a wide variety of inchannel methods to induce, motivate, coerce, or otherwise bring about alliancesand cooperative pushing efforts involving retailers, wholesalers, brokers, agents, and other middlemen to help ensure that the seller has his goods and services pushed to thrust of the push strategy is toward middlemen, those who are in the distribution chain linking producers to final strategies include giving rebates cash payments, payments in kind, or other awards to wholesalers and retailers who push the suppliers, ware and services on to rewards are given to cooperating distributors who stock or prominently display the supplier’s goods or cash payments can be in the form or prizes or goods to be sold by distributors who design awardwinning store or window displays of supplier’s are also awarded to distributors who give preferred shelf space, store space, or store location to the supplier’s , the award takes the form of a “spiv” or extra mission to distributors who “push” the supplier’s particular brand on to panies notably often arrange extra payments to bartenders who push their brands to the drinking patrons.(page56)推式策略依靠多種多樣的“渠道內(nèi)”方法去促使、激發(fā)甚至強(qiáng)制或者其他方法