【正文】 y sellers is PS and the effective price paid by consumers is PD, which equals PS minus 50 the subsidy, the quantity of cones sold is Q1。after the subsidy the quantity increases to 614Because of the subsidy, consumers are better off, since they consume more at a lower are also better off, since they sell more at a higher government loses, since it has to pay for the subsidy.第二篇：經(jīng)濟學原理 曼昆課后答案 chapter 2Problems and Applications Figure 25。the four transactions are food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as produced by one farmer is pletely indistinguishable from wheat produced by is a fairly uniform modity, though some firms produce steel of inferior are each unique, so they are quite answers are 25 26 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and is bowed out because when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy?s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter。thus the production possibilities frontier is the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter。thus the production possibilities frontier is A is impossible for the economy to achieve。it is outside the production possibilities B is feasible but inefficient because it?s inside the production possibilities 26 both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point a result, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantity of butter produced than when starting at point Figure shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a clean environment190。the productivity of the environmental in environmental productivity, such as the development of a noemission auto engine, lead to shifts of the productionpossibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much Doves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few in the 27A family?s decision about how much ine to save is effect of government regulations on auto emissions is impact of higher saving on economic growth is firm?s decision about how many workers to hire is relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is statement that society faces a shortrun tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positive deals with how the economy is, not how it should economists have examined data and found that there?s a shortrun negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it?s a positive statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positive have found that money growth and inflation are very closely statement thus tells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative doesn?t state a fact about how the world , it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and ?ve found a negative relationship in both the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus a positive of the statements in Table 22 are clearly are: “ the federal budget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly” and “ government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ?negative ine tax.?” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative other statements in the table are the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should that in all cases, even though they?re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts the president, you?d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you?d probably be most interested in their positive are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different you?d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact190。positive you?re the president, you?re the one who has the make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political normative statements made by economists represent their views, not necessarily either your?s or the electorate? of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers is Martin , and the secretary of the treasury is Larry time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy There are many possible are many possible they?ll have opportunities to observe different policies that are put into new policies are tried, their results will bee known, and they can be evaluated ?s likely that the disagreement about them will be reduced after they?ve been tried in example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping infl