【正文】 relation to Generative linguistics。but several other areas of language study have been investigated using these linguisticsa branch in which putational techniques and concepts re applied to the elucidation of linguistic and phonetic research areas have developed, including speech synthesis, speech recognition, automatic translation, the making of concordances, the testing of grammars and the many areas where statistical counts and analyses are [?], weakened pronunciation of any vowel, positioned in the center of the cardinal vowel Coarticulation and phonetic transcription CoarticulationThe variation that a speech sound undergoes under the influence of neighbouring sounds has acquired the wellestablished label ?coarticulation‘. phonetic transcriptiona method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent IPA(International phonetic Alphabet)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic idea was first proposed by the Danish grammarian Jespersen in first version of IPA was published in August latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in basic principle: using a separate letter for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.. Two ways to transcribe speech soundsBroad transcription: transcription with lettersymbols ‘s normally used in dictionaries and teaching transcription: transcription with lettersymbols together with the is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech : A set of symbols added to the lettersymbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the used to denote the smallest sound units that can be segmented from the acoustic flow of speech and which can function as semantically distinctive AllophonesPHONEvariants of a same DISTRIBUTIONfeatures that can distinguish meanning in phonemes of a voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a DISTINCTIVE FEATURE for English FEATURES SyllablesSUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES—those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound The syllable structureMONOSYLLABICPOLYSYLLABIC σ= ONSET+ RHYME RHYME= NUCLEUS + CODA Sonority scaleDEGREE OF SONORITY Syllabification and the maximal onset principleMAXIMAL ONSET PRINCIPLE StressSTRESS refers to the degree of force used in producing a PitchPitch is the rate of vibration of the vocal acoustic phonetics, the number of tonal oscillations per second, or in auditory pho172。netics the auditory characteristics correspond172。ing to the different tonal phonology, suprasegmental feature of linguistic tonal languages, pitch is rates of vibration produce what is known in acoustic terms different frequencies, and in auditory terms as different variations may be distinctive like phonemes, that is, they may contribute to distinguish between different this function, pitch variations are called TONES, and languages using tones are called TONE which Chinese is IntonationIntonation is the system of levels(rising and falling)and variations in pitch sequences within pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ： Phonological rulesThe traditional approach in Phonology has always been to concentrate on ? basic units of phonology, features and phonemes，? construction of larger units out of these basic units, , words, sentences，? description of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic phonological relations with which phonological structures are made，? in particular the structures of syllables and , the discussion of these topics is full of paradoxes until one develops exact analytic criteria and distinguishes between different levels of phonological analysis such as the following:Speech signal:articulatory, acoustic and auditory correlates of linguistic :segmentation of utterances into identifiable chunks by detailed phonetic criteria from one or all of the phonetic domains(articulatory, acoustic, auditory).Phonemic:segmentation into phones and classification of phones into phonemes according to the criteria of contrastiveness(either plementary distribution in phonetic contexts, or free variation, or both)and minimal phonetic similarity( the minimum of phonetic features required to keep phonemes apart).Morphophonemic:further classification of phonemes into morphophonemes by taking morphological contexts( contexts of sounds across boundaries between morphemes in inflected, derived and pound words)as well as phonetic contexts into relation between Morphophonemic, Phonemic and Phonetic levels is often thought of as three levels of representation linked by rules(morphophonological, phonological, and phonetic detail rules), as shown in the are two main kinds of phonological rule:Structuredefining rules:Structuredefining rules determine the construction of phonemes out of distinctive features, the construction of syllables or morphemes out of phonemes).These are sometimes called redundancy rules, since they formulate generalisations about structureInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)OriginThe IPA was first published in 1888 by the Association Phon233。tique Internationale(International Phonetic Association), a group of French language teachers founded by Paul aim o