【正文】 created by way of metaphor, such as going to his long home, to be home and free, to go to sleep, to sleep the long (or eternal, neverending) sleep, to rest in peace, to be at rest, to go to Heaven (or Paradise), to join one?s ancestors, to be gathered to one?s fathers, to join the immortals. More examples are: aged→sunset years, to be poor→to be pinched, to have improper sexual intercourse with girls(especially maiden) →to deflower。 to degenerate→to go astray。 breast→milk bottles。 catamenia→the red flag。 to be pregnant→to be on the nest。 the money of bribery→grease。 to bribe→to grease somebody?s palm。 handcuffs→bracelets. Personification People?s names are often used to replace taboo words. For example, “Big Harry” refers to “heroin” because “Harry” and “heroin” have the same initials. “Lavatory” also has many euphemistical expressions. In 19th century, it was called “ my aunt Jones”, “Mrs. Jones”, “Sir John”, “Sir Harry”, “the Henry”, while in 20th century, it was called “jakes”, “john” etc. But the latter color of personification bees weak. The first letter can be written in small letter. People just use it as a mon noun. In fact, they have lost the euphemistic function. There are many humorous ways to express catamenia in terms of 英語 畢業(yè)論文 iii personification: 1) My friend has e. 2) I have a visitor. 3) My cousins/country cousins have e. 4) My auntie/grandmother has e to stay. 5) Little sister is here. 6) I?ve got painters in. 7) the cardinal has e. . Analogy In the euphemisms for occupation people often use analogy, which makes the humble name more elegant[5] , For example, “chef” is a euphemism for “cook”. It is borrowed from French word “chef de cuisine”. “Beautician” refers to “hairdresser”。 “garbologist” refers to “garbage collector”。 “mortician” refers to “undertaker”. There also appeared some beautiful names for barbershop: hair salon, beauty parlour, and stylist parlour. . Ellipsis That is to omit the offensive words while speaking, such as to be expecting (a baby), to have (sexual) relations with somebody, to take precautions (against pregnancy), to depart (from this world). Of course, such phrases should be put into a certain context, which can express the meaning of euphemisms. . Periphrasis It is an expression of beating around the bush. Though it is a muddled acting, its aim is to avoid offending others, and to be more polite[6]. If someone asked a woman whether she was knitting a tiny garment, he meant that he wondered whether she was pregnant. Such way of speaking is humorous, sweet and agreeable, such as to die→to close one?s eyes, to expire, to breathe one?s last。 to defecate and to urinate→to wash one?s hands, to ease or relieve oneself, to do one?s business。 to court→to go walking。 to be pregnant→to eat for two。 lavatory→washroom, cloakroom。 fart→wind from behind。 women?s underclothes→unmentionables。 trousers→her garments。 ask you to g o away→call your carriage for you。 to dismiss→to give somebody the sack。 to be in prison→to live at the government39。s expense. Teachers often use this expression to avoid the students? and their parents? awkwardness. For example, laziness is called “needing ample supervision in order to work well”。 “cheat” is described as “needing help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play”。 “l(fā)ies” is called “showing difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material”。 “steal” is called “needing help in learning to respect the property rights of others”。 “be a bully” refers to “having qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically”。 “dirty” is called “ be lack of proper health habits”.[7] . Semantic method . Synonym For example, “tight” is used instead of “stingy”。 “thrift” is used instead of “economical”,“defecate” replaces “shift” and “urine” replaces “piss” . And “mad” is replaced by “crazy”, “insane”, and “l(fā)unatic”. Such euphemism aims to use the appreciative term to take the place of the derogatory term. . Negation Such euphemism uses the contrary term to express the same meaning, and it could be more useful than synonym in replacing the taboo and make people more understandable and fortable. We could call stupid people unwise people. “A fat chance” means “a slim chance”and “find words” stands for “bad words” . Vague words and expressions That is to make the harsher or offensive words more general. For example, if somebody has some mental problems, we can express it like this: His roof leaks a little。 he has a screw loose/missing。 he is not 英語 畢業(yè)論文 ivat home. There are other examples which use vague expressions, such as disease→trouble, problem。 to e across an unfortunate thing→to have an accident。 V. D. (venereal disease) →secret disease。 to live together illegally→to cohabit。 intrauterine device→ring。 to rape somebody→to do violence to somebody。 prostitute→a woman of the streets, a woman of a certain class, a painted woma n, a lady of the night girl。 to entertain whorehouse visitors→to see pany。 whorehouse→house。 a squint→an obliquity of vision。 a man of bad taste→a man of doubtful taste。 strike→industrial action。 the poor→the underprivileged, the disadvantaged。 in debt→ in difficulties。 buttocks→behind, bottom, backsides。 homosexual→queer。 sexual intercourse→intimacy。 to be killed→to be put to sleep. . Loan words Because from the period of Renaissance, Latin, Greek, and French are considered as cultured words[8]. People consider that those languages are more elegant, tactful and ambiguous. In the early 19th century, no matter in Britain or America, people used French word “enceinte” instead of English word “pregnant”. It is popular till now because the former is more elegant, tactful and