【正文】 units within anization ? Consultants ? Professional and technical associations ? Industry groups Alternatives identification PM software – Used to anize resource pools, define resource availabilities and rates, and define resource calendars Resource Planning Outputs Resource requirements – Description of the types (., skill levels) and numbers of resources required by each element of the WBS Resource Planning 工程項(xiàng)目資源計(jì)劃成果 項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度計(jì)劃 資源計(jì)劃 資源負(fù)荷圖 資源平衡后的進(jìn)度計(jì)劃與資源負(fù)荷圖 資源負(fù)荷圖及其優(yōu)化 根據(jù)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃，按照先關(guān)鍵路徑后非關(guān)鍵路徑的原則，建立資源方塊 核查資源分布是否不平衡或者超出上限 移動(dòng)非關(guān)鍵路徑上工作，進(jìn)行資源優(yōu)化 如有必要，重新對關(guān)鍵路徑上工作進(jìn)行估算 重繪調(diào)整后的進(jìn)度計(jì)劃與資源負(fù)荷圖 Cost Estimating Difference between cost estimating and pricing?????? Cost estimating: Assessing how much it will cost the anization to provide the product or service ， also includes identifying and considering cost alternatives Pricing: Assessing how much the anization will charge for the product or service Cost Estimating Inputs ? WBS ? Resource requirements ? Resource rates ? Activity duration estimates ? Estimating publications ? Historical information ? Chart of accounts ? Risks Tools Techniques ? Analogous estimating ? Parametric modeling ? Bottomup estimating ? Computerized tools ? Other cost estimating methods Outputs ? Cost estimates ? Supporting detail ? Cost management plan Inputs WBS – Used to anize the cost estimates and to ensure that the cost of all identified work has been estimated Resource requirements Resource rates – Unit rates for each resource Activity duration estimates – Affects cost estimates if project budget includes an allowance for the cost of financing (., interest) Cost Estimating Chart of accounts – Coding structure used by the anization to report financial information. Cost estimates must be assigned to the correct accounting category. Historical information – Information on the cost of resources ? Project files – Records of previous project results that are detailed enough to aid in developing cost estimates ? Commercial costestimating databases – Historical information available mercially ? Project team knowledge Estimating publications – Commercially available data on cost estimating Risks – Since risks can have a significant impact on cost, the effect of risk on the cost estimates for each activity must be considered Tools Techniques Analogous estimating (Expert judgment) – Used to estimate total project costs if there is a limited amount of detailed information Parametric modeling – Using project characteristics (or parameters) in a mathematical model to predict costs (., price per square foot) Cost Estimating Bottomup estimating – Estimating the cost of individual work items and then rolling up the costs to arrive at a project total Computerized tools – PM software and spreadsheets Outputs Cost estimates – Quantitative assessments of the cost of resources (., units of currency or staff hours) Types of estimates ? Order of magnitude (30% / +30%) ? Study estimate (30% / +30%) ? Budget estimate (20% / +20%) ? Definitive estimate(10% / +10%) ? Detailed estimate (5% / +5%) Cost Estimating Outputs (cont.) Supporting detail ? Description of estimated scope of work ? Documentation of the basis for the estimate ? Documentation of any assumptions made ? Range of possible results Cost management plan ? Describes how cost variances will be managed ? Part of the overall project plan Cost Estimating Cost Budgeting Allocating the overall cost estimate to individual activities or work packages, in order to establish a cost baseline for measuring project performance Cost Budgeting Inputs ? Cost estimates ? WBS ? Project schedule Tools Techniques ? Costbudgeting tools and techniques Outputs ? Cost baseline Inputs Cost estimates WBS – Identifies the project elements to which the costs will be allocated Project schedule – Used to assign costs to project elements for the time period when costs will be incu