【正文】 umers vbusinesstobusiness (B2B): businesses make online transactions with other businesses vetailing: online retailing, usually B2Cvconsumertobusiness (C2B): emerce model in which individuals use the Inter to sell products or services to anizations or individuals seek sellers to bid on products or services they needvconsumertoconsumer (C2C): emerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers15ECClassification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.)vmobile merce (mmerce): emerce transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environmentvintrabusiness EC: emerce category that includes all internal anizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an anizationvbusinesstoemployees (B2E): emerce model in which an anization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees16ECClassification of EC by Transactions or Interactionsvcollaborative merce (cmerce): emerce model in which individuals or groups municate or collaborate onlinevelearning: the online delivery of information for purposes of training or educationvegovernment: emerce model in which a government entity buys or provides goods, services, or information to businesses or individual citizens* 17EC Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)EC3 The Development and Growth of Electronic Commerce(1) Electronic funds transfers (EFTs)(電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬 )v Although the Web has made online shopping possible for many businesses and individuals, in a broader sense, electronic merce has existed for many years. For more than 30 years, banks have been using electronic funds transfers.v Also called wire transfersv Electronic transmissions of account exchange information over private munications works 18EC(2) Electronic data interchange (EDI) (電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 )v Businesses also have been engaging in a type of electronic merce, known as electronic data interchange, for many years.v Transmitting puterreadable data in a standard format to another business v By creating a set of standard formats for transmitting that information electronically, businesses were able to reduce errors, avoid printing and mailing costs, and eliminate the need to reenter the data.v The standard formats used in EDI contain the same information that business have always included in their standard paper invoices, purchase orders, and shipping documents.(cont.)Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)19EC Electronic data interchange (EDI)v Trading partners167。 Businesses that engage in EDI with each otherv One serious problem that potential adopters of EDI faced was the high cost of implementation.v To use EDI: buying expensive puter hardware and software。 establishing direct work connections to all trading partners or subscribing to a VAN.v Valueadded work (VAN)167。 Independent firm that offers connection and transactionforwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI20EC Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)EC4 The dot boom, bust, and rebirthv Between 1997 and 2023, more than 12,000 interrelated businesses were started with more than $100 billion of investors’ money (DotCom Boom).v More than 5000 of these panies went out of business or were acquired in the downturn that began in 2023 (DotCom Bust).v Between 2023 and 2023:more than $200 billion was invested in purchasing electronic merce businesses that were in trouble and starting new online ventures.v This second wave of financial investment has not been reported extensively in either the general or business media, but it is fueling a rebirth of growth in online business activity (DotCom Rebirth).21EC Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave (cont.)EC5 The Second Wave of Electronic CommercevEconomists Chris Freeman and Francisco Lou231。227。 describe four waves that occurred in the Industrial Revolution in their book As Time Goes By.vMany researchers predict that electronic merce and the information revolution brought about by the Inter will go through similar waves. Those researchers agree that the second wave of electronic merce has begun22ECThe Second Wave of Electronic Commerce （ continued)v Second wave: 167。 Global enterprises in many countries are participating in electronic merce167。 Many EC web sites available in multiple languages167。 Established panies fund electronic merce initiatives with their own capital167。 Rapidly increasing use of broadband technologies for inter connections167。 B2B EC increasingly are integrated with radiofrequency identification (RFID) and biometric devices to manage information and product flows effectively167。 Use of multiple sophisticated advertising approaches and better integration of EC with existing business processes and strategies167。 New approaches to the sale and distribution of digital products167。 Customized strategies are now integral to customer contact167。 Realize that firstmover advantage leads to success only for some panies in certain specific markets and industriesv the first wave:167。 Dominant influence of . businesses 167。 Extensive use of the English language167。 Many new panies started with outside investor money167。 Many EC participants used slow inter connections167。 B2B EC relied on a patchwork of disparate munication and inventory management technologies167。 Unstructured use of 167。 Overreliance on simple forms of online advertising as a revenue source167。 Widespread piracy due to ineffective distribution of digital products167。 Rely on firstmover advantage to ensure success in all types of markets and industries23ECvNot all of the future of EC is based in it’s second wave. vSome of the first wave panies were successful, such as , eBay, and