【正文】 roduction of more and better quality food生產(chǎn)更多更好的優(yōu)質(zhì)食品●The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space創(chuàng)造能避免極端的氣候的保護所和生活空間●The building of fast and reliable means of transportation建設(shè)快速和可靠的運輸方式●The invention of various systems of munication發(fā)明各種通信系統(tǒng)●The invention of machines to replace human or animal power發(fā)明機器來取代人類或動物體力●The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供應和廢物處理●The elimination of many infectious diseases消滅多種傳染疾病●The elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology在多數(shù)發(fā)達國家中通過改善水技術(shù)來消除大部分水源性疾病●The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通過提高生產(chǎn)力，騰出閑暇時間，為進行文化和娛樂活動提供機會●The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.防止最嚴重的自然災害的影響，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆發(fā)With these improvements, however, have e disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to ,隨著(科學技術(shù)的)發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了不良的副作用,比如,可耕地丟失,森林消失,環(huán)境污染,微生物滋長.Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to 。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the ，人們基本上能與自然和諧地相處,他們在陸地上種植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution 。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空氣污染問題產(chǎn)生。The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of ，特別是像羅馬帝國那類，就已經(jīng)存在供水系統(tǒng)和處置廢物系統(tǒng)。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such ，向古代的羅馬城市提供安全的水的渠道，就是這樣的系統(tǒng)的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout 。Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with diseasecarrying ，導致爆發(fā)了許多疾病，如痢疾、霍亂、傷寒和其它水傳染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenthcentury Britain, Europe, and North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased ，人們才意識到廢物的不正確處置導致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世紀在英國、歐洲和北美的工業(yè)革命帶來了工業(yè)化和城市化的增加，也加重了環(huán)境問題。城市化和工業(yè)化在過去和現(xiàn)在都是引起水和空氣污染的根本原因，這在當時的城市還不能夠處理。Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of waterborne ，水處理和廢水的部分處理技術(shù)在發(fā)達國家快速發(fā)展，這導致水傳染疾病的發(fā)生率大量地減少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land ，所有的廢物排放到環(huán)境中都會污染我們的水、空氣和土地系統(tǒng)。Unit Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回顧美國處置危險物品的歷史Hazardous substance disposal practices in the United States have traveled full ，處理危險物品的做法走過了迂回的道路。Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials. 1978年之前，很少有任何關(guān)于如何處置這些物品的法規(guī)。Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, contaminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 這些化學物品的不當處置使市民陷入健康問題，水供應受污染和野生生物死亡。With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. 隨著《資源回收法》（1978年）的頒布，工廠有責任處置生產(chǎn)設(shè)施所產(chǎn)生的所有廢棄材料 。Implementation of RCRA has been slow. 但是《資源回收法》的實施一直進展緩慢。From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials that were generated as byproducts during manufacturing processes. 在美國，從大約1920年開始的早期工業(yè)時代，到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后幾年里，幾乎沒人關(guān)注處理在生產(chǎn)過程中作為副產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的廢棄材料的合理方法。Up until the 1960’s it was quite mon to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and waste acids from steel mill activities. 直到1920年，隨處可見被生產(chǎn)過程產(chǎn)生的廢化學品、油井排出的鹽水和煉鋼廠排出的廢酸所污染的淡水河流和溪澗。Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the ，所有能夠想象到的廢物如廢油、溶劑、廢樹脂都可以在河流里面找到。 The laws of the time were either nonexistent or not enforced. 然而當時的相關(guān)法律要么不存在，要么是沒有被實施。The literature has many examples of health problems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. 文獻記載了許多關(guān)于個體的健康問題以及魚類、野生動物棲息地被破壞的例子。Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the 。Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavations either at the factory side or throughout the country side. 其他廢棄物質(zhì)被草率地埋在臨時挖掘在工廠還有鄉(xiāng)村旁邊的坑洞里面。 Because of ignorance and lack of economic incentives to do so, the factories made no attempt to prevent contamination of underground water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. 因為對環(huán)境的忽視以及缺少經(jīng)濟刺激，各企業(yè)完全沒有意識來保護被化學物質(zhì)污染的地下水供應。In fact, knowledgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous underground formations as methods of waste treatment. 事實上，當代有見識的科學家，已經(jīng)接受了土地清洗以及過濾可滲透地底層這兩種可作為處理廢棄物治理的方法。Although these treatment methods may have been intended for nonhazardous materials, they were employed for hazardous materials as well. 盡管這些治理方法或許用于無毒害的物質(zhì)，同時也可用于有毒害的物質(zhì)。Again, there were no governmental regulations protecting the underground aquifers from these practices. 再者，并沒有政府法規(guī)因保護地下蓄水層而禁止這些處理方法。The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with