專八-語言學(xué)-文庫吧
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【正文】 edication analysis述謂分析 Twoplace predicate二向謂詞、oneplace predicate一向謂詞、noplace predicate零向謂詞 Sense relations between sentences（1） Entailment（2） Presupposition十、 語用學(xué) Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful munication. (Or it refers to the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings.) 區(qū)分語義學(xué)和語用學(xué)的最本質(zhì)因素是：是否考慮了語言使用過程中的語境。（考過的） Speech Act Theory（言語行為理論）: it was originated with J. Austin in the late 50s of the 20th century. The speaker, when uttering a sentence, may be also performing actions. （考過的） 言語行為的三種次行為（考過的）（1） Locutionary act言內(nèi)行為：指“說話”這一行為本身，如發(fā)出聲音、說出單詞，它表述的是話語的字面意思；（2） Illocutionay act言外行為：指說話時(shí)因言語本身的一些習(xí)慣力量而隨之產(chǎn)生的一些行為，如允諾、警告，它表述的是說話者的目的或意圖；（3） Perlocutionary act言后行為：指話語在聽者身上產(chǎn)生的效果。在語言學(xué)中，言外行為是最常見的研究主題。十一、 語言演變（一） Addition of new words Coinage合成法：如walkman Clipped words截短法：如expo Blending拼綴法：如smog Acronyms首字母縮略法：如WTO Backformation逆向構(gòu)詞法：如butch Function shift功能轉(zhuǎn)換法：如brake Borrowing借用法：如tragedy（二） Loss of words（三） Changes in the meaning of words Widening of meaning意義擴(kuò)大 Narrowing of meaning意義縮減 Meaning shift意義轉(zhuǎn)移十二 、 語言與社會(huì)Sociolinguistics社會(huì)語言學(xué)：研究語言與社會(huì)的關(guān)系，以及語言使用者所在的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)與語言的使用之間的關(guān)系。Speech munity言語社團(tuán)Speech variety言語變體：refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.Sociolect社會(huì)方言：refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Idiolect個(gè)人語言：it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that bines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.Ethnic dialect種族方言：it is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences。 it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.Register語域：refers to the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of 。The three social variables that determine the register are:(1) Field of discourse話語范圍：指談話的題材，可以是專業(yè)性的（technical）或非專業(yè)性的（nontechnical）。It answers “why” and “about what” munication takes place
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