【正文】 他部分用逗號(hào)隔開。 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)： ② 現(xiàn)在分詞作 方式 狀語(yǔ) ， 表示行為方式或手段 （ 這類狀語(yǔ)可以放在句首 ， 也可以放在句末 ， 有時(shí)還可以放在句中 。 其他參考上述 ac ） ， 如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. ③ 現(xiàn)在分詞作 原因 狀語(yǔ)， 表示原因或理由 如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital. 注意 如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式 Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. ④ 現(xiàn)在分詞作 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) （ 相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句 ） ， 如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an. 注意 注①： 這里分詞表示的是一個(gè)極短暫的動(dòng)作，這動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu) 如： Be careful when crossing the street. Don’t mention this while talking to him. 注意 注② ： 如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作已經(jīng) 完成 ，這個(gè)分詞要用 完成形式 (having done) 如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 如： Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (結(jié)果 ) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果 ) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件 ) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件 ) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步 ) ⑤ 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)還可以 表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步 (二 ) 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ) ⑥ 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) 作狀語(yǔ) ，可以修飾謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況 Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. ⑦ 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) 表示原因 （ 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句 ） The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…) ⑧ 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以 表示時(shí)間 （相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）和 條件 （相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句） United, we stand。 divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united …) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated …) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí) ， 前面有時(shí)可以加上 when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞 ， 這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語(yǔ)從句（ 省略部分多為 “ 主語(yǔ) + be 的多種形式 ” ） 。需要注意的是 ， 省略的主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)相同 If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I won’t go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to. 賓補(bǔ) “感覺(jué)”和“使役”動(dòng)詞。包括 ： feel, see, hear, notice, watch, smell, let, get, have, make, want, find, keep, imagine, 等。 作賓補(bǔ)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，形成邏輯上的 主謂關(guān)系 ； 過(guò)去分詞 作賓補(bǔ)，表示賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，形成邏輯上的 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 。 ① 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ，如： I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing. 注意： 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)同時(shí)發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過(guò)程。 ② 過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. You’d better have your shoes mended. 注意： 過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作完成結(jié)果，并有被動(dòng)意義 。 ③ 現(xiàn)在分詞 做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，與賓語(yǔ)有著邏輯上的 主謂 關(guān)系，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般為賓語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作； 過(guò)去分詞 做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，與賓語(yǔ)有著動(dòng)賓 關(guān)系，賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者， He saw an old man getting on the bus. (…was getting on …) I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (…was once sung …) I don’t want the children taken out in such weather. (…were taken out…) ④ 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) ， 這時(shí) ，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ， 與謂語(yǔ)一起稱為 “ 復(fù)合謂語(yǔ) ” ， 如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. ⑤ 有些動(dòng)詞既可以用 不定式 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ， 又可以用 現(xiàn)在分詞 作 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ， 有些動(dòng)詞 只能 用 現(xiàn)在分詞 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ， 這些動(dòng)詞是 ： catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等 ， She caught her son smoking a cigarette. I don’t mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us ing here on time. I don’t remember him ever saying anything like that. 6. have/get 后面要求賓補(bǔ)的兩種情況 1. have sb. doing （