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公允價值在會計準則中的應用探討畢業(yè)論文-文庫吧

2025-06-13 01:50 本頁面


【正文】 客觀要求。如何充分利用國際研究成果,指導和評價公允價值在我國的研究和運用,是本文的研究意義所在。公允價值的應用是對潛在損益的確認調(diào)整,并不會增加企業(yè)價值,但是卻會對企業(yè)的財務報告產(chǎn)生巨大影響,在市場價格急劇上升或急劇下跌時,企業(yè)的利潤將得到大幅提升或大幅下降,而且在各個準則中對企業(yè)財務成果的影響程度并不相同。本文回顧了公允價值在我國應用、發(fā)展歷程,深入分析了公允價值在新準則中的應用情況、計量和確認方法,探討了公允價值對企業(yè)財務報告及經(jīng)營行為的概括性影響。隨著經(jīng)濟的不斷發(fā)展,大量金融工具的涌現(xiàn),歷史成本計量屬性 3 己經(jīng)越來越不能滿足我國報表使用者的信息需要。在我國頒布的新會計準則體系中,重新引入了公允價值計量,成為新準則的最大亮點之一,這是符合國際會計計量的發(fā)展趨勢的,也適應了我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的客觀要求,但同時也存在許多亟需探討的問題。例如,公允價值引入后在具體準則中的運用情況如何?對上市公司產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響呢?引用公允價值計量是否會提高會計信息的價值相關性呢?因而,研究它們具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實意義和長遠意義。對公允價值相關問題進行研究和探討涉及到諸多方面的問題,本文由于時間和能力水平的有限,只對公允價值在新準則應用的部分問題進行了研究。論文首先闡述了本文研究背景與研究意義,再對國內(nèi)外有關公允價值的研究進行簡要回顧及總結。然后,從公允價值的概念入手,探討了本文研究依據(jù)的基本理論。其后對國內(nèi)外公允價值的應用情況做了總結。由此對公允價值在我國的應用提出了筆者的建議。通過研究,本文得到如下啟示與結論:。計量觀的使用利于提高會計信息的決策有用性。,而其本身也并不缺乏可靠性,缺的是技術層面(現(xiàn)值及其應用)上的大量投入及完善公允價值信息披露機制。,有較多的限定。對從定 4 量分析的結果可以看到,公允價值損益科目對上市公司當期的利潤影響也較小,并不如準則頒布初期人們預期那么大,利用該準則進行利潤操縱的可能性比較大。,其對股價缺乏增量的解釋能力。最后,筆者針對本文對公允價值應用的分析結果,給出如下建議:(1)完善對公允價值相關損益的分類情況;(2)出臺公允價值計量準則;(3)編制全面收益表;(4)加強審計的配套建設。關鍵詞:公允價值,會計準則,會計計量2. AbstractWith the development of the economic,there are more and more financial is a challenge for original cost which can’t match the accounting report users’ the new accounting standard which issued in 2022,fair value measurement has been used in the accounting is not only according with the mainstream of the International accounting development,but also fit to the the new accounting criterion system which our country issues in 2022,have introduced just and sound value to measure again,the ones that bee new criterion are the a bit one of more most light,this accords with development trend that the international accountant measures,have 5 met the objective requirement for economic development of our country too,but have a lot of problems needing badly being probed into at the same example,how is the application in concrete criterion after just and sound value is introduced?What kind of influence is produced to listed pany?Quote the value relevance that just and sound value will measure and improve accounting information?Therefore,studying them has very important realistic meaning and longterm meaning.Carry on research and discussion and involve the problem of a great deal of respects to the relevant problems of just and sound value,because this text because time and ability level are limited,some problems employed in the new criterion only to just and sound value carried on explained the research background of this text and research meaning at first, and then review and summarize the research of domestic and international relevant just and sound value briefly in ,proceed with concept of just and sound value,basic theories of probing into this text and studying the thereafter made the summary to the application situation of domestic and international just and sound ,I made quantitative analysis to the operating position of just and sound therefore has proposed the author39。s suggestion on the application of just and sound value in our country.Through studying,this text is enlightened with the conclusion as follows: 6 is to adopt the important theoretical foundation that just and sound value is measured to measure the is useful to measure the use of the view and do benefit to improving the decision of accounting information. relevance of just and sound value is indubitable,and it does not lack dependability either,it was the technological aspect(current value that lacked and employed)Generous input to have and improving the information announcing mechanism of just and sound value. application of just and sound value of the new criterion is still relatively prudent, there are more can see,increase and decrease subject of just and sound value influences smaller too to the profit of current period of listed pany from the result of quantitative analysising,issue as standards initial people expect then debt restructuring of listed panies in particular, category of listed panies in the current period pared with a profit impact,the use of guidelines for profit manipulation more likely. finding to the return test result of adjusting volume of the financial assets,it lacks the explanation ability of increment to stock price. Finally,the author of this article for the application of fair value of the quantitative analysis of the results,given the following remendations:(1)Improve the fair value gains and losses related to 7 the classification。(2)Establish fair value measurement standards。 (3)Bring in the concept of entire profits。(4)To strengthen the fair value audit systemKey Words:fair value, the New Accounting Standards, accounting measurement,3. 引言. 研究背景隨著經(jīng)濟全球化競爭的不斷加劇,多元籌資的股份制企業(yè)的發(fā)展,尤其是上市公司的大量增加和資本市場的快速發(fā)展,使得會計的目標由主要為政府宏觀經(jīng)濟管理提供可靠信息,轉(zhuǎn)向為投資者、債權人、供應商等主要信息使用者的決策提供相關信息。無論如何,在可靠性的基礎上,努力提高會計信息的相關性是對會計信息質(zhì)量的必然要求。公允價值因為能夠公允地反映企業(yè)的財務狀況和經(jīng)營業(yè)績等信息,已經(jīng)被認可作為提高會計信息相關性的重要計量屬性。國際會計準則及美國等一些市場經(jīng)濟發(fā)達國家的會計準則,紛紛將公允價值作為重要甚至是首選的計量屬性加以運用,以提高會計信息的相關性。從計量屬性角度看,公允價值在某種程度上代表著財務會計的發(fā)展方向。因此,其運用的范圍和程度也就成了衡量一個國家或一個地區(qū)、一個組織會計國際化程度的重要標志,在傳統(tǒng)的交易或事項中,對于經(jīng)濟業(yè)務發(fā)生當時所采用的實際交易的歷史成本,由于其真 8 實可靠、具有可驗證性,一直以來備受推崇。但是,隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和會計計量方法的不斷演進,歷史成本計量模式受到越來越多的批評和質(zhì)疑。因為這種計量模式所提供的會計信息是面向過去的,在市場價格發(fā)生變動的情況下,不僅不能反映企業(yè)持有資源的利得,也不能客觀反映報告日企業(yè)資源的真實價值。由于歷史成本信息無法及時和全面地反映經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的變化,因而也難以為會計報表使用者提供與決策相關的信息。從 20 世紀 70 年代開始,人們開始在會計計量中逐步引入公允價值的概念,以期能夠及時反映現(xiàn)行和未來經(jīng)濟環(huán)境變化對企業(yè)資源的影響。隨著“ 決策有用觀”呼聲的不斷高漲,公允價值計量屬性應運而生,并于 20 世紀 90 年代開始在各國的會計準則中得到廣泛運用。公允價值計量立足于當前的公平交易,是最貼近商品內(nèi)在價值量的客觀表述,因而對企業(yè)的利益各方最具有決策相關性。然而,由于公允價值的獲取、公允價值計量的可靠性、以及公允價值應如何融入到已經(jīng)相對完善的現(xiàn)行會計準則體系中等問題的存在,公允價值在近十幾年來一直是國際會計研究前沿的熱點和難點問題。公允價值在我國的應用也是一波三折。公允價值在 1998 年出現(xiàn)于“ 債務重組 ’,、“非貨幣 性交易” 等具體會計準 則中,后因?qū)嶋H運行中出現(xiàn)很多公司濫用公允價值操縱利潤的情況而在 2022 年修訂后的準則中被限制使用。新準則體系在金融工具、投資性房地產(chǎn)、非共同控制下的企業(yè)合并、債務重組和非貨幣性交易等方面均謹慎地采用 9 了公允價值,從而成為本次會計準則的一大亮點。對這一問題可以從以下幾方面分析:首先,對可以取得公允價值的資產(chǎn)采用公允價值計價是國際會計準則、美國及多數(shù)市場經(jīng)濟國家會計準則的普遍做法。國際上早己越過“ 要不要用 ”現(xiàn)值和公允價 值的爭論階段,而主要 進人
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