【正文】 。現(xiàn)將這一論文摘要的英漢版本介紹給大家。Title: Technology of Making Wearable Nozzle by Sintering LiningCeramics with Surplus Heat of Molten SteelAbstract （英語版）Ceramic material has a long history, and now it has bee the focus in the field of modern material science because of its good wearresistance, thermal stability, inoxidizability, and electromagnetic characteristics. (背景引言)The object of this study is to make a wearable material by sintering liningceramics on the surface of casting with the heat produced by molten steel during the process of solidification. The methods are as follows: the nanoceramic powder is mixed with metal powder according to certain proportion and to form the pound powder by heating method。 the pound powder is smeared on the appropriate part of the inner surface of the casting mold。 and as the molten steel is filled into the mold, the layer of the pound powder will be sintered on the surface of casting. The layer of liningceramics integrates with matrix metal closely and enhances wearable properties of casting effectively. (研究目的、研究過程與采用的方法)Al2O3 ceramic powder is heatresistant and economic in price, so nanopowder of Al2O3, SiO2, Cao and other ceramic powder were used as the metalceramic pound powder. In order to assure good integration between the layer of liningceramics and base body materials, metal nickel powder which has small wetting angle with base metal was used in the experiment. (采用的材料) A great breakthrough on the technology of liningceramics by sintering with surplus heat of molten steel has been gained by a lot of experiments, and the pound powder has been sintered on the surface of casting. Compared with other technology of liningceramics, this technology has excellent characteristics: energysaving, easy operation, smooth and neat surface of the casting with few air holes. In fact, this technology has reached such a degree that it can be applied in production. The abrasion test indicated that the layer of liningceramics has excellent properties of wearresistance. SEM analysis shows that the layer of liningceramics forms an integrated boundary with base metal, and a pound grade also forms along the direction of upright to plane of liningceramics. The ceramic layer integrated with base body metal in a mode of chemical bond, so the integrated strength between them is greatly heightened. (研究結(jié)果、發(fā)現(xiàn)，及結(jié)論) 摘要（漢語版） 陶瓷材料具有悠久的歷史，并以其良好的耐磨性、耐熱性、耐腐蝕性和電磁特性成為當(dāng)今材料界矚目的焦點(diǎn)。本課題研究的對象是制備一種耐磨材料。該材料是在鑄件表面燒結(jié)一層襯瓷層， 燒結(jié)的能量就是利用鋼水燒鑄時(shí)必須散出的熱量。具體做法是將納米陶瓷粉與金屬粉料混合，利用加熱方法使之形成復(fù)合粉料。將一層納米陶瓷復(fù)合粉料涂敷于鑄造模型內(nèi)表面的適當(dāng)部位。鋼水澆鑄過程中，借助鋼水熱量將粉料燒結(jié)并與金屬表面牢固結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)表面襯瓷。襯瓷層可以提高鑄件的耐磨性能。本實(shí)驗(yàn)選用氧化鋁、氧化硅、氧化鈣等納米粉料制成復(fù)合陶瓷粉料。氧化鋁陶瓷耐高溫、耐磨、且價(jià)格低廉。為保證鑄件的金屬基體與復(fù)合陶瓷結(jié)合牢固，選用與陶瓷潤濕角小的鎳粉作為原料之一。經(jīng)過大量實(shí)驗(yàn)，余熱燒結(jié)襯瓷技術(shù)研究有了重大突破。利用鋼水的余熱，成功將陶瓷粉料襯在集體金屬表面。與其它襯瓷方法相比，這一技術(shù)節(jié)約了能源，簡化了襯瓷工藝，而且襯瓷面平整，與鑄造金屬表面相近，氣孔比較少，達(dá)到可以應(yīng)用的程度。經(jīng)磨損試驗(yàn)證實(shí)，襯瓷式樣耐磨性能很好；經(jīng)掃描電鏡分析，襯瓷層與基體金屬形成致密且?guī)в谐煞痔荻鹊慕缑?。襯瓷層與基體金屬以化學(xué)健方式因而極大提高了襯瓷層的結(jié)合強(qiáng)度。摘要撰寫的基本步驟摘要一般應(yīng)在完成論文后撰寫。撰寫摘要一個(gè)可行的辦法是：先將論文通讀，尋找出論文中關(guān)鍵的句子和要點(diǎn)，然后串聯(lián)在一起，并經(jīng)過深入加工編寫出簡明而又綜合的摘要。撰寫摘要的具體步驟如下。1） 以寫摘要為目的，閱讀全文，擬定草稿。（1） 找出引言部分的目的和討論部分的結(jié)論；（2） 找出方法部分包含的關(guān)鍵詞的信息，并將其精簡為關(guān)鍵詞和短語，使之足以確定論文所用的方法；（3） 找出討論部分或結(jié)果部分的結(jié)果；（4） 根據(jù)以上信息，寫出一個(gè)摘要的草稿。2） 以準(zhǔn)確簡練為目的，修改草稿。（1） 檢查摘要的4要素是否齊全，補(bǔ)充忽略掉的重要信息；（2） 重新組織第一個(gè)句子，可以用 “this paper”或“this study”開頭，使之以論文中的新信息（而非概括性的主題）開頭；（3） 添加適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞語，改進(jìn)段落與各句之間的過渡或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，使之成為有機(jī)的整體，提高可讀性；（4） 校訂準(zhǔn)確性，以確保數(shù)據(jù)、量、值、符號等與正文中的一致。修訂在英語語法、單詞拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。摘要首句的撰寫許多摘要在一開始的引言（introduction）部分對論題提出的背景（background）作以介紹。但一般的背景信息對于類似研究的論文是相同的，同一學(xué)科的論文摘要含有相同的背景信息，所以，當(dāng)摘要過長時(shí)，背景介紹可以寫得短些。摘要的首句可以從陳述研究的目的（subject or object）開始，用“this paper，”“this study，”“this research”引出介紹。摘要中表示研究目的的常用句型如下：(1）The (primary) purpose of this study(paper) was to… 本研究(本文)的(主要)目的是…… (2) The object (aim) of this study（the present research）was to… 本研究旨在……(3) This (The present) study was designed (undertaken) to…本研究旨在……(4) In this study, an attempt was made to (attempts were made to)… 在本研究中,我們試圖……例1: This object of this paper was to examine the problem of inefficient reading prehension with nonEnglish major college students, and tackles the problem with the teaching method of integrating grammatical information into lexicon teaching. 例2: This paper explores the potential role of family socioeconomic factors in school achievement outes at two separate periods in the life course — early in childhood and during late adolescence.摘要中表示研究方法與結(jié)果部分的撰寫研究的過程與方法這部分內(nèi)容依賴于論文的創(chuàng)新性和重要性，重點(diǎn)是介紹新的重要材料與方法：新設(shè)備、新程序、新化合物、新分析方法以及對老設(shè)備程序分析方法的改進(jìn)等等。結(jié)果是研究同行最關(guān)注的部分，因而結(jié)果部分常常占摘要的主要部分。 1).表示研究方法的常用句型如下：(1) The method used in our study is… 我們的研究使用的方法是……(2) The technique we have applied is… 我們使用的技術(shù)是……(3) The procedure can be briefly described as… 這一步驟可以概括描述為……(4) The experiment, consisted of three steps, is described in… 這一試驗(yàn)有三個(gè)步驟, 在……給以描述.(5) The fundamental features of this theory are as follows… 這一理論的基本特征如下……2).表示研究結(jié)果的常用句型如下：(1) The data obtained suggest that… 所取得的資料表明……(2)The analysis strongly suggests that… 這一分析有力地指出……(3) These findings indicate that… 這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明……(4) It is concluded that… 結(jié)論是……(5)These results demonstrate that 這些研究結(jié)果證明……(6) We conclude that… 我們的結(jié)論是……(7) The authors are of the opinion that… 作者的意見是(8) In conclusion，we state that…總而言之,我們的結(jié)論是……結(jié)論部分的撰寫 結(jié)論通常采用直接陳述的方式。如：1） It is concluded that special theories positing status frustration are required to account for moralreform social movement adherence.2） In broad terms, the results favor some form of an open model of the magnetotail and are inconsistent with diffusive entry of protons across a closed magnetotail field with a time constant substantially greater than a few minutes.3） The study suggests that the concept of cultural capital can be used fruitfully to understand social class differences in children’s school experiences. 語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)本科畢業(yè)論文英文摘要撰寫在注意以上主要問題的同時(shí)，還要注意以下有關(guān)語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要求。１）、語態(tài)學(xué)術(shù)論文的英文摘要主要是說明事實(shí)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用較多。但由于主動(dòng)語態(tài)比被動(dòng)語態(tài)語感強(qiáng)，表達(dá)有力，可能情況下可盡量使用。但是，由于摘要一般很短，盡量不要混用各種語態(tài)，特別不要在一個(gè)句子中混用語態(tài)。2）時(shí)態(tài)