【正文】 ibution that amateurs can make. “They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world,” says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. “You always have to worry things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they’re not rigorous enough,” she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that welldesigned studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. “It’s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers,” says Root.H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. “Because the public understand these records, they accept them,” says Sparks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. “People are thrilled to think that the data they’ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific – it empowers them,” says Root. Questions 2733 Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs AH Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter AH in boxes 2733 on your answer sheet. 27. The definition of phenology 28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records 29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection 30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection 31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions 32. Records of a petition providing clues for climate change 33. A description of a very old record piled by generations of amateur naturalistsQuestions 3436Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 3436 on your answer sheet34. Walter Coates’s records largely contain the information of .35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on his land.36. According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased .Questions 3740Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 3740 on your answer sheet.37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs? A Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable.D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that?A Amateur records can’t be used.B Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise.39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?A Using improved methods.B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.40. What’s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?A It empowers the public.B It promotes public relations.C It warns people of animal infestation.D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 2740 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.文章背景：交流的方式與沖突。從古希臘時(shí)期開始，一位叫做hippocrate 的人就開始通過分類人的性格來更好的處理人與人的沖突及如何更好的了解自己。本文主要闡述了四種性格類型：sanguine類型的人活潑積極向上。Phlegmatic是冷靜而具有分析性的性格，melancholic類型的人體貼而具有同情心。Choleric類型的人大膽而且直接。在workplace, 一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)需要四種性格的人都有才能保證正常的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Communicating Styles and ConflictKnowing your munication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict.Section AAs far back as Hippocrates’ time (460370 ) people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen (130200 ). These days there are any number of selfassessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.Section BThe value in selfassessments that help determine personality style, learning styles, munication styles, conflicthandling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren’t trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do. They’re not intending to be rude。 they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do, but it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect.When used appropriately, understanding munication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues of style, information needs, or focus.Section CHippocrates and