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全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分配-文庫(kù)吧

2025-03-31 22:37 本頁(yè)面


【正文】 of economy and society。 the Global Value Chains Specialization based on parative advantage would not necessarily be the optimum allocation of resources, but the Global Value Chains Specialization based scale economy will definitely increase the benefit of world economy。 the Global Value Chains Specialization can academically increase the economical benefit of the participant countries, but the changing of the benefit is very plicated in fact。 within the Global Value Chains, the multinational panies have integrated the parative advantage of the world, thus gotten the advantage of scale economy, inclined price and implementation of the transfer pricing。 the developing countries in the Global Value Chains will generally tend to get economic growth from laborfactorintensive industries. But if developing countries can take full advantage of their overlapping elements, and continually optimize their elements structure, they will be able to shorten the gap with the developed countries, and even to catch up with developed countries。 Because of the big power effects, the benefit situation of China in the Global Value Chains Specialization is worrisome: senior factors of production should be increased, to make the pany petitive edge, to pursuit dynamic economic benefit, and to safeguard national economic security.Based on analysis of the above issues, this paper drew the following conclusions: First, within the Global Value Chains Specialization, the participants using absolute superior value chain of their products with parative advantages will always gain their profit. If the participants use absolute superior value chain of product with parative disadvantage, their profits may suffer. But if the developing countries participate the Specialization with absolute superior value chain of their products with parative disadvantage, there will always be profit space. Second, for the developing countries, the Global Value Chains Specialization is in the end parative advantages traps or parative advantage pie, the key is to see whether the developing countries can full play their own the advantage of later striking”. Thirdly, the World Factory under the Global Value Chains Specialization is no longer the same concept as the traditional sense. World Factory should not be our ultimate goal, but only an experienced process in our path to world economic powers.The main creative points: First, using the separation of productbenefit and “costbenefit to prove a longstanding academic debate on unfair exchange issue of traditional trade which based on parative advantages, and applying the conclusion into the Global Value Chains Specialization. Second, this paper presents the overlapping elements theories, and from the perspective of supply, it seems to be able to make up the defect of Lindel () overlapping demand theory while explaining the assumption of trade demand within the industry. To sum up, the generic explanation on the interest situation of the Global Value Chains Specialization which presented by this paper, has not only significant meaning to the theory, but also makes strong sense to practice of developing countries, especially the discussion on industrialization upgrading process of China.Key words: the Global Value Chains Specialization basis profit separationbenefit situation benefit increasing strategic choices目 錄中文摘要 1Abstract 31 導(dǎo)論 1 1 4 4 6 10 10 11 122 全球價(jià)值鏈分工的產(chǎn)生 13 13 13 17 19 21 21 223 全球價(jià)值鏈分工的基礎(chǔ) 26 26 26 27 30 30 32 37 42 42 44 47 47 494 全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分離 53“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益” 53“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益” 53“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益” 54“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益” 58“產(chǎn)品利益”與“成本利益”背離的原因 60 62“產(chǎn)品利益”和“成本利益”的背離 62 64 64 655 全球價(jià)值鏈分工的利益分配格局 66 66 66 68 71 71 72 74 74 76 76 776 發(fā)展中國(guó)家在全球價(jià)值鏈分工體系中的利益提升 79 79,發(fā)展中國(guó)家的利益變化 79 82 84 84 85 87“后發(fā)優(yōu)勢(shì)” 90“重疊要素” 90(價(jià)值鏈)更新速度 937 中國(guó)在全球價(jià)值鏈分工體系中的戰(zhàn)略選擇 96 96:利益增長(zhǎng)空間有限 96:勞動(dòng)力成本喜憂參半 97:外資企業(yè)占據(jù)了出口貿(mào)易的半壁江山 99“世界工廠” 101 104 104 105 106 1068 主要結(jié)論及進(jìn)一步要研究的問題 108 108 108參考文獻(xiàn) 110A、外文(按字母順序排列) 110B.中文(按音序排列) 113攻讀博士學(xué)位期間科研成果 118后 記 1191 導(dǎo)論本章主要介紹了論文的選題背景、選題意義,評(píng)述了國(guó)內(nèi)外的相關(guān)研究成果,闡述了本文的基本思路和內(nèi)容安排、使用的基本理論和研究方法、創(chuàng)新之處和缺陷、不足。20世紀(jì)80年代以來,隨著國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的基本建立和逐步完善,貿(mào)易壁壘的逐漸降低,生產(chǎn)的國(guó)際化和資本的國(guó)際化趨勢(shì)的不斷加強(qiáng),工業(yè)品的價(jià)值鏈環(huán)節(jié)越來越具有空間上的可分布性。處于主導(dǎo)地位的廠商,出于資源優(yōu)化配置的考慮,在全球范圍內(nèi)尋找最優(yōu)越的區(qū)位進(jìn)行相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品價(jià)值鏈環(huán)節(jié)的生產(chǎn)布點(diǎn),使傳統(tǒng)的以產(chǎn)品為界限的國(guó)際專業(yè)化分工,逐漸演變?yōu)橥划a(chǎn)品內(nèi)某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)或某道工序的專業(yè)化分工。這種新的國(guó)際分工形式,我們稱之為全球價(jià)值鏈分工。全球價(jià)值鏈分工是在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下國(guó)際分工呈現(xiàn)出的新特點(diǎn),也是當(dāng)代國(guó)際分工的一種重要的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。如果說市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的建立,優(yōu)化配置了一國(guó)的資源,那么全球價(jià)值鏈分工就是各國(guó)資源在世界范圍內(nèi)的一次重新配置。各國(guó)資源的全球整合推動(dòng)了世界生產(chǎn)力和市場(chǎng)規(guī)模前所未有的增長(zhǎng),傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易體系也進(jìn)入了新一輪的調(diào)整時(shí)期。與傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)際分工貿(mào)易相比,全球價(jià)值鏈分工呈現(xiàn)出許多與以往不同的新特點(diǎn)。從國(guó)際分工的形式上看,全球價(jià)值鏈分工從不同產(chǎn)業(yè)之間的分工、相同產(chǎn)業(yè)不同產(chǎn)品之間的分工走向了同一產(chǎn)品內(nèi)不同工序、不同增值環(huán)節(jié)之間的分工,國(guó)際分工的形式進(jìn)一步深化。由于同一產(chǎn)品的各道價(jià)值鏈環(huán)節(jié)在技術(shù)水平、附加價(jià)值率、要素密集度等方面的差異,全球價(jià)值鏈分工不僅在橫向上分離出許多不同的工種,而且在縱向上還分離出不同的層次,呈現(xiàn)出一種多維度、不平衡的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。從國(guó)際分工的主體上看,全球價(jià)值鏈分工弱化了傳統(tǒng)分工的國(guó)家界限,分工主體從國(guó)家層次向企業(yè)層次邁進(jìn),跨國(guó)公司之間的國(guó)際分工、跨國(guó)公司內(nèi)的國(guó)際分工越來越成為國(guó)際分工的主流。從國(guó)際分工貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)上看,全球價(jià)值鏈分工突破了資源使用的國(guó)家邊界,在世界范圍內(nèi)整合了各國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì),企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)由傳統(tǒng)分工中的本國(guó)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)演進(jìn)為世界比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。一國(guó)的資源優(yōu)勢(shì)不但可能不能成就本國(guó)企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),反而可能成為他國(guó)企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的來源。 在國(guó)際分工和國(guó)際貿(mào)易格局發(fā)生變化的同時(shí),世界總的國(guó)際分工貿(mào)易利益的增長(zhǎng)機(jī)制以及國(guó)際分工貿(mào)易利益在各國(guó)間的分配也變得有些撲朔迷離。第一、由于國(guó)際分工的主體由宏觀過渡到微觀,企業(yè)利益和國(guó)家利益相統(tǒng)一的傳統(tǒng)關(guān)系出現(xiàn)了分離,跨國(guó)公司為了獲取更大的利益可能損傷某個(gè)國(guó)家甚至本國(guó)的利益。企業(yè)利益雖然增加了,但國(guó)家利益未必一定增加,反而可能遭受某種程度上的損失,甚至有可能出現(xiàn)名義上有貿(mào)易利益但國(guó)民實(shí)際福利卻下降的極端情形。在全球價(jià)值鏈分工體系中的國(guó)家利益已經(jīng)很難一目了然地界定。第二、由于全球價(jià)值鏈分工涉及到產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)家間的轉(zhuǎn)移和中間產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)出口,因此它帶來的利益就不僅僅包括國(guó)際分工本身產(chǎn)生的利益,還有國(guó)際分工引發(fā)的相應(yīng)的國(guó)際交換產(chǎn)生的利益。東道主國(guó)家在獲得國(guó)際分工利益的同時(shí),相應(yīng)的交換利益很可能受損。第三、通過全球價(jià)值鏈分工,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家把本國(guó)不具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的價(jià)值鏈轉(zhuǎn)移到具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,促進(jìn)了發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。但是,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移的往往是一些高能耗、污染環(huán)境的價(jià)值鏈,發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益在得到提升的同時(shí),社會(huì)福利水平卻下降了。第四、在全球價(jià)值鏈分工條件下,傳統(tǒng)的以國(guó)家為單位通過進(jìn)出口額來計(jì)算國(guó)際貿(mào)易收支的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法已經(jīng)不能準(zhǔn)確反映一國(guó)的貿(mào)易利益。國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的動(dòng)態(tài)利益日益突出,一國(guó)開展國(guó)際貿(mào)易更強(qiáng)調(diào)貿(mào)易對(duì)就業(yè)、技術(shù)進(jìn)步、稅收、GDP等的促進(jìn)作用。全球價(jià)值鏈分工,這種新的國(guó)際分工形式,在造就了新的國(guó)際貿(mào)易格局的同時(shí),也給我們帶來了一系列新的思考:全球價(jià)值鏈分工的基礎(chǔ)和源泉是否有別于傳統(tǒng)的分工在本文中,傳統(tǒng)分工指的是全球價(jià)值鏈分工以前的產(chǎn)品分工形式。?我們判定一國(guó)從全球價(jià)值鏈分工中獲取利益的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該是什么?在全球價(jià)值鏈分工格局中,一國(guó)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么、怎樣生產(chǎn)、為誰生產(chǎn)?全球價(jià)值鏈分工的出現(xiàn)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家尤其是中國(guó)來說是福還是禍?被我國(guó)社會(huì)各界吵得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)的中國(guó)的“世界工廠”之路究竟走對(duì)了沒有?中國(guó)應(yīng)以何種姿態(tài)融入到新型的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中來?等等,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的變化,督促我們深入解析這種新型的國(guó)際分工形式。在過去幾年中,國(guó)內(nèi)外的全球價(jià)值鏈理論不論在實(shí)證分析還是在理論研究上都有了很大的發(fā)展,為全球
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