【正文】 is wellknown that smoking is harmful to people’s health.I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task. 　　拼寫錯(cuò)誤　　這方面的錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)普遍，而且較難根除。因?yàn)榇蠹冶硢卧~的時(shí)候有時(shí)背得并不牢。尤其是大家經(jīng)常做客觀題，只要知道應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)答案就可以了，并沒有仔細(xì)背住單詞的拼寫。要解決這個(gè)問題，大家需要背單詞時(shí)不僅能“識(shí)別”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多寫。下面是一些經(jīng)常容易搞混淆或拼錯(cuò)的單詞：詞語的使用　　選 詞　　多用近義詞 　　Makemanufacture　　buypurchase　　　finishacplish 　　endterminate 　　useutilize 　　loveaffection 　　agreeaccord 　　discussioncontroversy 　　tellinform 　　enoughsufficient 　　speedvelocity 　　carvehicle 　　openunclose 　　choicealternative 　　區(qū)分具體與抽象的詞　　詞從語義上可分為具體與抽象兩種類別，例如：　　抽象　　　具體　　good　　　kind, honest, generous, warmhearted, selfless, friendly　　laugh　　　smile, chuckle, snigger　　scientist　　physicist, biologist, chemist 　　fish shark, 　salmon, perch, eel 　　tree shrub,　 bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow 　　抽象詞意范圍大，概括力強(qiáng)，但給人以空洞的感覺，適合于文章的開頭和結(jié)尾等總結(jié)性部分。具體詞意義有針對(duì)性、個(gè)性和精確性，給人以確切的概念，適合用于段落中細(xì)節(jié)的刻畫，論點(diǎn)的闡述以及事物的描寫。如果用抽象的詞來表達(dá)具體的事物，便會(huì)給人籠統(tǒng)的感覺：　　a. 　　抽象: The man is good.　　具體: The man is selfless.　　b. 　　抽象: There are three men in the room.　　具體: There are three little boys in the room.　句式變換　　在了解組織句子的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)之后，我們重點(diǎn)看一下句子組織形式的多樣化，即在120－150詞內(nèi)，盡量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下：　　主語從句　　定語從句 （限定性和非限定性）　　狀語從句 （時(shí)間，原因，地點(diǎn)，條件，讓步等）　　分詞短語做定語或狀語　　強(qiáng)調(diào)句　　倒裝句 　　省略句　　What句型　　設(shè)問句主語和主語從句　名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式以及名詞性從句都可以作主語。后三種，學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)用起來不是很熟練，但卻很有價(jià)值，可以在很大程度上提高語言質(zhì)量。下面我們看幾組例句：　　動(dòng)名詞作主語　　Listening to some light music will help you calm down.　　Talking to a person like him is just like talking to a deaf.　　不定式作主語　　To see is to believe.　　To help others is to help yourself in a sense. 　　To see things as they are, to go right to the right point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant is after all, what a university training should be aiming at.　　主語從句　　主語從句一般由what, who, which, why, how, when, which, whether…or…等引導(dǎo)，這些名詞性從句作主語時(shí)，我們稱之為主語從句?！　hy he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.　　Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.　　What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever.　　當(dāng)句子的實(shí)際主語太長時(shí)，英語習(xí)慣用先行代詞it作形式主語，然后再引出真正的主語　　It is mon knowledge that honesty is the best policy.　　And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge.　　其他常用先行代詞it作形式主語的句型還有：　　It is selfevident that… 很明顯的是　　It goes without saying that… 不用說　　It is asserted that．．． 有人主張…… 　　It is believed that．．． 據(jù)信…… 　　It is generally considered that．．． 人們普遍認(rèn)為…… 　　It is hoped that．．． 人們希望…… 　　It is reported that．．． 據(jù)報(bào)道…… 　　It is said that．．． 據(jù)說…… 　　It is supposed that．．． 據(jù)推測．．． 　　It is wellknown that．．． 眾所周知…… 　　It must be admitted that．．． 必須承認(rèn)…… 　　It cannot be denied that… 不可否認(rèn)…… 　　It must be pointed out that．．． 需指出的是…… 　　It was told that．．． 據(jù)傳…… 　　It will be said that．．． 有人會(huì)說…… 　　It follows that… 由此可見 　　It is inappropriate that… ……是不合適的 　　賓語從句　　賓語從句是置于謂語動(dòng)詞之后的名詞性從句。大家來看下面幾個(gè)例子：　　They believe that the central government’s decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for a boom in the regional aviation market. 　　We cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents.　　Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market.　　寫作中常用的跟賓語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞以主語是We為例舉例如下：　　We assume that… 我們設(shè)想、假設(shè)……　　We suggest that… 我們認(rèn)為、建議……　　We hold/maintain/ that… 我們認(rèn)為…… 　　We stress that… 我們強(qiáng)調(diào)…… 　　We admit that… 我們承認(rèn)…… 　　We deny that… 我們否認(rèn)…… 　　We hope that… 我們希望…… 　　We discover that… 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)…… 　　We remend that… 我們推薦、建議…… 　　We mention that… 我們提到…… 　　表語從句　　表語從句是主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋從句所構(gòu)成的語句，其中系動(dòng)詞包括三類：　　　be的其各種形式；　　　表示變化的詞如go, bee, turn；　　　表示感覺的詞，常有“……起來”的含義如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等?！　〈蠹铱聪旅娴睦洌骸　hat is why so many people want to work in the government.　　This is where she lived when she was young.　　Quality is what counts most.　　The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.　　The assumption is that things will improve.　　That is how we beat them in the contest.　　What he wants to know is if you may agree.　　What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem.　　The question is which one you may choose.　　倒裝句式　　倒裝句式是指主語和謂語或表語動(dòng)詞的位置顛倒，又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝?！　〔糠值寡b是指謂語中的一部分，如助動(dòng)詞do, does, did, can, may, should, ought to, must, have, 系動(dòng)詞be等放在主語前面，其余部分包括謂語動(dòng)詞仍在主語后面?！　〔糠值寡b的情況：　　　虛擬語氣的條件句，省略if，同時(shí)將had, were, should提到主語之前　　Were it not for your help, we couldn’t have arrived there.　　　so/such...that用于句首時(shí)，后面要倒裝　　So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.　　　as, though, no matter how （what）, however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語時(shí)，從句需倒裝　　Young as he is, he has acplished a lot.　　However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake.　　　用于so, neither, nor后面　　He didn’t go to the concert, neither did his family.　　　表示否定意義的詞　　如no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner...than，hardly...when, not only...but also, not, little, at no time, by no means（決不）, on no account（決不）, in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances等放在句首時(shí)后面主謂要倒裝?！　nder no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.　　On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo.　　Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.　　　Only + adverb（副詞）, prepositional phrase（介詞短語）, adverbial clause（狀語從句）置于句首時(shí)，后面的主謂需要倒裝。　　Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.　　全部倒裝　　全部倒裝是指包括表語和狀語在內(nèi)的整個(gè)謂語放在主語之前，它的語序是：表語或狀語+謂語動(dòng)詞+主語。全部倒裝應(yīng)用的情況　　　用在作為地點(diǎn)狀語的介詞短語后面　　On the bed lay the dying patient.　　　當(dāng)用作表語的形容詞或分詞置于句首時(shí)　　Great and spacious and beautiful is o