微生物名詞解釋-文庫吧
2025-03-23 03:28 本頁面
【正文】 found in virtually any environment.basidiospore（芽孢） A sexual spore that arises from a basidium. Found in basidiomycota fungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌屬） A bacterium that preys on certain other bacteria. It bores a hole into a specific host and inserts itself between the protoplast and the cell wall. There it elongates before subdividing into several cells and devouring the host cell.capsule蒴果 In bacteria, the loose, gellike covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Chemoautotroph 華能自養(yǎng)生物An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotroph.chemoheterotroph 華能異養(yǎng)生物Microorganisms that derive their nutritional needs from organic pounds.chemotaxis趨化性 The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).chitin 幾丁質(zhì)A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.chromosome 染色體The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes.Clone無性繁殖 A colony of cells (or group of organisms) derived from a single cell (or single organism) by asexual reproduction. All units share identical characteristics. Also used as a verb to refer to the process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes.colony 菌落A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.mensalism 共棲An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.conjugation結(jié)合作用 In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual rebination in ciliated protozoans.death phase死亡期 End of the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes. Population of cells begins to die.deposition 分解The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple pounds, that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.diffusion 擴(kuò)散The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution.diploid 二倍體 Somatic cells having twice the basic chromosome number. One set in the pair is derived from the father, and the other from the mother.direct, or total cell count 細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)1. Counting total numbers of individual cells being viewed with magnification. 2. Counting isolated colonies of organisms growing on a plate of media as a way to determine population size.endospore 內(nèi)生孢子A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers.eubacteria 真細(xì)菌Term used for nonarchaea prokaryotes, stands for true bacteriaeukaryotic cell 真核細(xì)胞A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a welldefined nucleus), membranebounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.Eukarya 真核生物One of the three domains (sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese。 contains all eukaryotic organisms.eutrophication 富營養(yǎng)化The process whereby dissolved nutrients resulting from natural seasonal enrichment or industrial pollution of water cause overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria to the detriment of fishand other large aquatic inhabitants.
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