【正文】 990年，大約100個用戶組，利用這個軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)100位數(shù)字，到1995年，同樣的效果被擴(kuò)展到網(wǎng)絡(luò)來實(shí)現(xiàn)130位數(shù)字。 沒過多久分布式計算進(jìn)入了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。，在1997年推出，雇傭了成千上萬的個人計算機(jī)來破譯加密代碼。即使是較大的SETI@home，1999年5月，推出了使用連接在一起的數(shù)百萬臺的個人計算機(jī)搜索外層空間智慧生命。許多分布式計算項目是在大型企業(yè)內(nèi)進(jìn)行，采用傳統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接，形成分布式計算網(wǎng)絡(luò)。另外，更大的項目通常使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶的計算機(jī)，通常發(fā)生脫機(jī)，然后每天通過傳統(tǒng)的消費(fèi)英特網(wǎng)上傳資料。了解云架構(gòu) 云計算的關(guān)鍵是“云”，一些大規(guī)模網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器或者個人計算機(jī)連接在龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中。這些計算機(jī)并行運(yùn)行，結(jié)合各自的資源，產(chǎn)生超級計算般的能力。 究竟什么是“云”？簡而言之，云是計算機(jī)和服務(wù)器都通過英特網(wǎng)公開訪問的集合。這種硬件通常是復(fù)合的和由有一個或者多個數(shù)據(jù)中心為穩(wěn)固基礎(chǔ)的第三方運(yùn)作。這些機(jī)器可以運(yùn)行任何操作系統(tǒng)，這些機(jī)器的處理能力不是它們作為單獨(dú)臺式機(jī)所能比擬的。 ，個人用戶使用他們自己的計算機(jī)或者便攜設(shè)備通過英特網(wǎng)連接到云。對于這些個人用戶，云被看作是一個單一的應(yīng)用程序，設(shè)備或者文件。云中的硬件（操作系統(tǒng)管理硬件連接）是無形的。 這看似簡單的云架構(gòu)，它確實(shí)需要一些智能化的管理去將這些計算機(jī)連接在一起，并分配任務(wù)處理以滿足眾多的用戶。，這一切都開始于個別用戶看到前端界面，選擇一個任務(wù)或者服務(wù)（無論是啟動應(yīng)用程序或者打開一個文檔），用戶的這些請求被傳遞到管理系統(tǒng)，然后找出正確的資源，然后調(diào)用系統(tǒng)的恰當(dāng)資源去供應(yīng)服務(wù)。這些服務(wù)在云中開拓中必要的資源，發(fā)布恰當(dāng)?shù)木W(wǎng)頁應(yīng)用程序，或者創(chuàng)建文件和打開請求的文件，網(wǎng)頁應(yīng)用程序啟動后，系統(tǒng)的檢測和計量功能跟蹤云的使用，使資源分配和使用于正確的用戶。 正如你所看到的，云計算概念的觀念是許多管理任務(wù)的自動化。如果一個系統(tǒng)需要人管理資源的分配過程那么這個系統(tǒng)不是云。在這種情況下，該系統(tǒng)是僅僅以老式數(shù)據(jù)中心為基礎(chǔ)的客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模式計算的21世紀(jì)的版本。對于系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)云的狀態(tài)，必須更換人工管理實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化程序。附錄B 外文原文Beyond the Desktop: An Introduction to Cloud ComputingIn a world that sees new technological trends bloom and fade on almost a daily basis, one new trend promises more longevity. This trend is called cloud puting, and it will change the way you use your puter and the Internet.Cloud puting portends a major change in how we store information and run applications. Instead of running program sand data on an individual desktop puter, everything is hosted in the “cloud”—a nebulous assemblage of puters and servers accessed via the Internet. Cloud puting lets you access all your applications and documents from anywhere in the world, freeing you from the confines of the desktop and making it easier for group members in different locations to collaborate.PART 1 Understanding Cloud Computing The emergence of cloud puting is the puting equivalent of the electricity revolution of a century ago. Before the advent of electrical utilities, every farm and business produced its own electricity from freestanding generators. After the electrical grid was created, farms and businesses shut down their generators and bought electricity from the utilities, at a much lower price (and with much greater reliability) than they could produce on their own. Look for the same type of revolution to occur as cloud puting takes hold. The desktopcentric notion of puting that we hold today is bound to fall by the wayside as we e to expect the universal access, 24/7 reliability, and ubiquitous collaboration promised by cloud puting. It is the way of the future.Cloud Computing: What It Is—and What It Isn’t With traditional desktop puting, you run copies of software programs on each puter you own. The documents you create are stored on the puter on which they were created. Although documents can be accessed from other puters on the network, they can’t be accessed by puters outside the network.The whole scene is PCcentric.With cloud puting, the software programs you use aren’t run from your personal puter, but are rather stored on servers accessed via the Internet. If your puter crashes, the software is still available for others to use. Same goes for the documents you create。 they’re stored on a collection of servers accessed via the Internet. Anyone with permission can not only access the documents, but can also edit and collaborate on those documents in real time. Unlike traditional puting, this cloud puting model isn’t PCcentric, it’s documentcentric. Which PC you use to access a document simplyisn’t important.But that’s a simplification. Let’s look in more detail at what cloud putingis—and, just as important, what it isn’t.What Cloud Computing Isn’tFirst, cloud puting isn’t network puting. With network puting, applications/documents are hosted on a single pany’s server and accessed over the pany’s network. Cloud puting is a lot bigger than that. It enpasses multiple panies, multiple servers, and multiple networks. Plus, unlike network puting, cloud services and storage are accessible from anywhere in the world over an Internet connection。 with network puting, access is over the pany’s network only.Cloud puting also isn’t traditional outsourcing, where a pany farms out (subcontracts) its puting services to an outside firm. While an outsourcing firm might host a pany’s data or applications, those documents and programs are only accessible to the pany’s employees via the pany’s network, not to the entire world via the Internet.So, despite superficial similarities, networking puting and outsourcing are not cloud puting.What Cloud Computing IsKey to the definition of cloud puting is the “cloud” itself. For our purposes, the cloud is a large group of inter