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systems。 there are no masters and slaves. By recognizing all puters on the network as peers, P2P enables direct exchange of resources and services. There is no need for a central server。 they can be public or private.For example, Google hosts a cloud that consists of both smallish PCs and larger servers. Google’s cloud is a private one (that is, Google owns it) that is publicly accessible (by Google’s users).This cloud of puters extends beyond a single pany or enterprise. The applications and data served by the cloud are available to broad group of users, crossenterprise and crossplatform. Access is via the Internet. Any authorized user can access these docs and apps from any puter over any Internet connection. And, to the user, the technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible.It isn’t apparent (and, in most cases doesn’t matter) whether cloud services are based on HTTP, HTML, XML, JavaScript, or other specific technologies._ Cloud puting is usercentric. Once you as a user are connected to the cloud, whatever is stored there—documents, messages, images, applications, whatever—bees yours. In addition, not only is the data yours, but you can also share it with others. In effect, any device that accesses your data in the cloud also bees yours._ Cloud puting is taskcentric. Instead of focusing on the application and what it can do, the focus is on what you need done and how the application can do it for you. Traditional applications—word processing, spreadsheets, , and so on—are being less important than the documents they create.PART 2 Understanding Cloud Computing_ Cloud puting is powerful. Connecting hundreds or thousands of puters together in a cloud creates a wealth of puting power impossible with a single desktop PC._ Cloud puting is accessible. Because data is stored in the cloud, users can instantly retrieve more information from multiple repositories. You’re not limited to a single source of data, as you are with a desktop PC._ Cloud puting is intelligent. With all the various data stored on the puters in a cloud, data mining and analysis are necessary to access that information in an intelligent manner._ Cloud puting is programmable. Many of the tasks necessary with cloud puting must be automated. For example, to protect the integrity of the data, information stored on a single puter in the cloud must be replicated on other puters in the cloud. If that one puter goes offline, the cloud’s programming automatically redistributesthat puter’s data to a new puter in the cloud.All these definitions behind us, what constitutes cloud puting in the real world?As you’ll learn throughout this book, a raft of webhosted, Internetaccessible,Groupcollaborative applications are currently available, with many more on the way. Perhaps the best and most popular examples of cloud puting applications today are the Google family of applications—Google Docs amp。對于系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)云的狀態(tài),必須更換人工管理實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化程序。這些服務(wù)在云中開拓中必要的資源,發(fā)布恰當(dāng)?shù)木W(wǎng)頁應(yīng)用程序,或者創(chuàng)建文件和打開請求的文件,網(wǎng)頁應(yīng)用程序啟動后,系統(tǒng)的檢測和計(jì)量功能跟蹤云的使用,使資源分配和使用于正確的用戶。對于這些個(gè)人用戶,云被看作是一個(gè)單一的應(yīng)用程序,設(shè)備或者文件。 究竟什么是“云”?簡而言之,云是計(jì)算機(jī)和服務(wù)器都通過英特網(wǎng)公開訪問的集合。許多分布式計(jì)算項(xiàng)目是在大型企業(yè)內(nèi)進(jìn)行,采用傳統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接,形成分布式計(jì)算網(wǎng)絡(luò)。到1990年,大約100個(gè)用戶組,利用這個(gè)軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)100位數(shù)字,到1995年,同樣的效果被擴(kuò)展到網(wǎng)絡(luò)來實(shí)現(xiàn)130位數(shù)字。對于傳統(tǒng)手段,它可能需要數(shù)年的時(shí)間來解決基本的數(shù)學(xué)問題。 當(dāng)一臺計(jì)算機(jī)中加入到一個(gè)分布式的計(jì)算項(xiàng)目,軟件被安裝在這臺計(jì)算機(jī)上在用戶未使用的這段時(shí)間去運(yùn)行各種處理活動。所有關(guān)于多臺計(jì)算機(jī)間的周期的共享是一個(gè)簡單的概念。隨著萬維網(wǎng)中P2P的發(fā)展,退后了客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模式。消息在平等的計(jì)算機(jī)之間傳播。今天的許多用戶都忘記(也許不知道),英特網(wǎng)最初的設(shè)想是在其最初ARPA網(wǎng)的幌子下,作為一個(gè)能夠分享在美國的計(jì)算資源的點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)??刂剖欠稚⒌模杏?jì)算機(jī)的功能是平等的。在P2P環(huán)境中,每臺計(jì)算機(jī)是一個(gè)客戶機(jī)和服務(wù)器,沒有主和從。P2P計(jì)算定義了網(wǎng)絡(luò)中每一臺計(jì)算機(jī)具有同等責(zé)任和能力的網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)。點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)計(jì)算:資源共享 你可以想象,當(dāng)問客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模式的系統(tǒng)是一種“趕快和等待”的經(jīng)歷。需要返回一個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告?沒問題,如果你不介意一直等到今天下午或者明天早上。這種訪問不是立竿見影的,也不可能有兩個(gè)用戶同時(shí)訪問相同的數(shù)據(jù)。這臺計(jì)算機(jī)有時(shí)被稱為啞終端,因?yàn)樗鼪]有足夠(如果有的話)的內(nèi)存,存儲空間,處理能力??蛻魴C(jī)/服務(wù)器模式計(jì)算:集中應(yīng)用和存儲 很久以前的計(jì)算(1980年左右),一切的操作都是客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模式。用戶不再承擔(dān)管理數(shù)據(jù)的任務(wù),他甚至不需要記得數(shù)據(jù)在哪里。 所有的這些都是在我們背后定義的,那么什么才是現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的云計(jì)算? 當(dāng)你學(xué)習(xí)完整本書,網(wǎng)站托管,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問,團(tuán)體協(xié)作的應(yīng)用程序一般是可用的。 云計(jì)算是可編程的。 云計(jì)算是可訪問的。而不是以應(yīng)用程序和它能為你做什么為重點(diǎn),重點(diǎn)是你需要做什么和應(yīng)用程序怎樣為你完成這個(gè)需求。一旦你作為一個(gè)用戶連接到云,無論儲存在哪里的文件,信息,圖像,應(yīng)用程序,無論什么都將變成你的。并且,對于用戶而言,云技術(shù)和云背后的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是不可見的。谷歌云是私人的(即,谷歌擁有它),是公開訪問的(通過谷歌用戶)。什么是云計(jì)算 云計(jì)算定義的關(guān)鍵是“云”本身。此外,與網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算不同,云服務(wù)和儲存通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)在世界的任何地方都可以訪問,但是通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算,只能在自己公司的網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問到。讓我們來看看更詳細(xì)的云計(jì)算是什么樣子的?它和我們了解云計(jì)算的不同同樣重要。這種模式仍然適用于你創(chuàng)建的文件,它們被儲存在一個(gè)可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訪問的集合中。雖然它們能夠被這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的其他計(jì)算機(jī)訪問,但是它們不能被外網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)訪問。為了尋找相同類型革命的發(fā)生,使得云計(jì)算成為定局。云計(jì)算讓你能夠在世界上的任何地方訪問你所有的應(yīng)用程序和文檔,擺脫了臺式機(jī)的束縛,讓你更容易在不同的地方和同事進(jìn)行協(xié)作。附錄A 譯文超越臺式機(jī):一個(gè)關(guān)于云計(jì)算的介紹 在這個(gè)世界上幾乎每一天都能看到新技術(shù)趨勢的崛起和衰退,一種新的趨勢帶來了更長久的生命力。而不是在單獨(dú)的計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行程序的散的數(shù)據(jù),一切都托管在“云”中,通過英特網(wǎng)去訪問“云”中的其他計(jì)算機(jī)和服務(wù)器。在電網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生以后,農(nóng)場和企業(yè)關(guān)閉他們自己的的發(fā)電機(jī),并且從電力公司以一個(gè)比他們用自己發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電低得多的價(jià)格(并且更具有可靠性)買電。云計(jì)算:它是什么和它的不同 通過傳統(tǒng)的桌面計(jì)算,你可以在你的每一臺電腦上運(yùn)行程序的副本,你所創(chuàng)建的文件都保存在你創(chuàng)建文件的計(jì)算機(jī)上。假如你的電腦死機(jī)了,但是這個(gè)軟件程序仍然可以供其他人使用。 但是這只是一個(gè)簡化。云計(jì)算要比網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算大很多,它包含了許多個(gè)公司,許多個(gè)服