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tudy: Ine Equality around the World Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 案例研究 : 世界各國的收入不平等 國家 最低的 10% 最高的 10% 比例 日本 % % 德國 加拿大 印度 英國 中國 美國 俄羅斯 尼加拉瓜 墨西哥 南非 巴西 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Poverty Rate 貧困率 The poverty rate is the percentage of the population whose family ine falls below an absolute level called the poverty line. 貧困率 ——家庭收入低于稱為 貧困線的絕對水平的人口百分比。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality n The Poverty Line 228。The poverty line is an absolute level of ine set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty. 228。The poverty line is set by the federal government at roughly three times the cost of providing an adequate diet. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 貧困線 228。貧困線 ——由聯(lián)邦政府根據(jù)每個家庭規(guī)模確定的一種收入絕對水平,低于這一水平的家庭被認為處于貧困狀態(tài)。 228。貧困線 是聯(lián)邦政府按提供充分食物成本的大約 3倍的標準確定的。 Figure 1 The Poverty Rate Percent of the Population below Poverty Line 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2022 Poverty rate 5 10 15 20 25 圖 1. 貧困率 低于貧困線的 人口百分比 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2022 貧困率 5 10 15 20 25 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality n The Poverty Line and Ine Inequality 228。 As economic growth pushes the entire ine distribution upward, more families are pushed above the poverty line because the poverty line is an absolute rather than a relative standard. 228。 Despite continued economic growth in average ine, the poverty rate has not declined. 228。 Although economic growth has raised the ine of the typical family, the increase in inequality has prevented the poorest families from sharing in this greater economic prosperity. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 衡量不平等中的問題 n 貧困線和收入不平等 228。由于貧困線是絕對標準而不是相對標準,所以,隨著經(jīng)濟增長把整個收入分配向上推動,更多的家庭被推到貧困線之上。 228。盡管平均收入持續(xù)增加,但貧困率并沒有下降。 228。雖然經(jīng)濟增長增加了一般家庭的收入,但不平等的增長使最窮的家庭沒有分享到經(jīng)濟繁榮的果實。 Table 4 Who Is Poor? 表 4. 誰是 窮人 集團 貧困率 所有人 % 白人,非西班牙裔 黑人 西班牙裔人 亞洲,大洋州 孩子( 18歲以下) 老人( 64歲以上 ) 夫妻家庭 沒有丈夫的女性家庭 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality 衡量不平等中的問題 n Three Facts About Poverty 關(guān)于貧困的三個事實 228。Poverty is correlated with race. 貧困與種族有關(guān) 228。Poverty is correlated with age. 貧困與年齡有關(guān) 228。Poverty is correlated with family position. 貧困與家庭結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Problems in Measuring Inequality u Data on ine distribution and the poverty rate give an i