【正文】 L RATE 失業(yè)和自然失業(yè)率Labor force is the total number of workers, including both the employed and the ：既包括就業(yè)者又包括失業(yè)者的工人總數(shù)。Unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is ：勞動力中失業(yè)者所占的百分比。Laborforce participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor ：勞動力占成年人口的百分比。Natural rate of unemployment is the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate ：失業(yè)率圍繞它而波動的正常失業(yè)率。Cyclical unemployment is the deviation of unemployment from its natural ：失業(yè)率對自然失業(yè)率的背離。Discouraged workers are individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job 喪失信心的工人：想工作但已放棄尋找工作的人。Frictional unemployment is the unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and ：由于工人尋找最適合自己嗜好和技能的工作需要時間而引起的失業(yè)。Structural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants ：由于某些勞動市場上可提供的工作崗位數(shù)量不足以為每個想工作的人提供工作而引起的失業(yè)。Job search is the process by which workers find the appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills 尋找工作：在工人的嗜好與技能既定時工人尋找適當(dāng)工作的過程。Unemployment insurance is a government program that partially protects workers’ ines when they became ：當(dāng)工人失業(yè)時為他們提供部分收入保障的政府計劃。Union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions 工會：與雇主就工資、津貼和工作條件進行談判的工人協(xié)會。Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of ： is the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union 罷工：工會組織工人從企業(yè)撤出勞動。Efficiency wages are aboveequilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity 效率工資：企業(yè)為提高工人生產(chǎn)率而支付的高于均衡水平的工資。第二十一章THE MONETARY SYSTEM 貨幣制度Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other ：經(jīng)濟中人們經(jīng)常用于向其他人購買物品與勞務(wù)的一組資產(chǎn)。Medium of exchange is an item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and ：買者在購買物品與勞務(wù)時給予賣者的東西。Unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record ：人們用來表示價格和記錄債務(wù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the ：人們可以用來把現(xiàn)在的購買力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槲磥淼馁徺I力的東西。Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of ：一種資產(chǎn)兌換為經(jīng)濟中交換媒介的容易程度。Commodity money is money that takes the form of a modity with intrinsic ：以有內(nèi)在價值的商品為形式的貨幣。Fiat money is money without intrinsic value fiat is used as money because of government ：沒有內(nèi)在價值、由政府法令確定作為通貨使用的貨幣。Currency is the paper bills and coins in the hands of ：公眾手中持有的紙幣鈔票和鑄幣。Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositions can access on demand by writing a ：儲戶可以通過開支票而隨時支取的銀行賬戶余額。Federal reserve(Fed）：the central bank of the United ：美國的中央銀行。Central bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the ：為了監(jiān)管銀行體系和調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟中的貨幣量而設(shè)計的機構(gòu)。Money supply is the quantity of money available in the ：經(jīng)濟中可以得到的貨幣量。Monetary policy is the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank 貨幣政策：中央銀行的決策者對貨幣供給的安排。Reserves are deposits that banks have received but have not loaned ：銀行得到但沒有貸出去的存款。Fractionalreserve banking is a banking in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves 部分準(zhǔn)備金銀行：只把部分存款作為準(zhǔn)備金的銀行制度。Reserve ratio is the fraction of deposits that banks hold as ：銀行作為準(zhǔn)備金持有的存款比例。Money multiplier is the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserve 貨幣乘數(shù)：銀行體系用1美元準(zhǔn)備金所產(chǎn)生的貨幣量。Openmarket operation is the purchase and sale of bonds by the ：美聯(lián)儲買賣美國政府債券。Reserve requirements are regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits 法定準(zhǔn)備金：關(guān)于銀行必須根據(jù)其存款持有的最低準(zhǔn)備金量的規(guī)定。Discount rate is the interest rate on the loans that the Fed to ：美聯(lián)儲向銀行發(fā)放貸款的利率。第二十二章 MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION 貨幣增長與通貨膨脹Quantity theory of money:a theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate 貨幣數(shù)量論：一種認(rèn)為可得到的貨幣量覺決定物價水平，可得到的貨幣量的增長率決定通貨膨脹率的理論。Nominal variables are variables measured in monetary ：按貨幣單位衡量的變量。Real variables are variables measured in physical ：按實物單位衡量的變量。Classical dichotomy is the theoretical separation of nominal and ：名義變量和真實變量的理論區(qū)分。Monetary neutrality is the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real ：認(rèn)為貨幣供給變動并不影響真實變量的觀點。Velocity of money is the rate at which money changes ：貨幣易手的速度。Quantity equation is the equation M*V=P*Y which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money, and the dollar value of the economy’s output of goods and ：方程式M*V=P*Y,這個公式把貨幣量、貨幣流通速度和經(jīng)濟中物品與勞務(wù)產(chǎn)出的美元價值聯(lián)系在一起。Inflation tax is the revenue the government raises by creating ：政府通過創(chuàng)造貨幣而籌集的收入。Fisher effect is the oneforone adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation ：名義利率對通貨膨脹率所進行的一對一的調(diào)整。Shoeleather costs are the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money ：當(dāng)通貨膨脹鼓勵人們減少貨幣持有量時所浪費的資源。Menu costs are the costs of changing ：改變價格的成本。第二十三章AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY總需求與總供給Recession is period of declining real ines and rising ：真實收入下降和失業(yè)增加的時期。Depression is a severe ：嚴(yán)重的衰退。Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is the model that most economists use to explain shortrun fluctuations in economic activity around its longrun ：大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學(xué)家用來解釋經(jīng)濟活動圍繞其長期趨勢的短期波動的模型Aggregatedemand curve is a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price ：表示在每一種物價水平時，家庭、企業(yè)、政府和外國客戶想要購買的物品與勞務(wù)量的曲線。Aggregatesupply curve is a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price ：表示在每一種物價水平時，企業(yè)選擇生產(chǎn)并銷售的物品與勞務(wù)量的一條曲線。Stagflation is period of falling output and rising ：產(chǎn)量減少而物價上升的時期。第二十四章 THE INFLUERNCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND 貨幣政策和財政政策對總需求的影響Theory of liquidity preference is Keynes’s theory that the interes