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ant points along the axis of an optical system – 2 focal points (front and back): input light parallel to the axis crosses the axis at focal points F and F’ – 2 principal points (primary and secondary): extend lines along input ray and exiting focal ray。 where they intersect defines principal “planes” which intersect the axis at the principal points – 2 nodal points (first and second): rays aimed at the first appear to emerge from the second at the same angle. – “first” points defined by parallel rays entering from the right。 “second” points defined by parallel rays entering from the left Introduction to CODE V Training, Fall 2022, Slide 1?? Cardinal Points Illustrated ? Effective Focal Length (EFL) = distance from principal point to focal point P1 F1 F2 EFL EFL Introduction to CODE V Training, Fall 2022, Slide 1?? Aperture Stop ? Aperture stop: determines how much light enters the system ? 2 special rays – Marginal ray: from onaxis object point through the edge of the stop – Chief ray: from maximum extent of object through the center of the stop Aperture Stop Chief ray Marginal ray Introduction to CODE V Training, Fall 2022, Slide 1?? Pupils and the Aperture Stop ? Pupils – Entrance pupil: image of aperture stop viewed from object space – Exit pupil: image of aperture stop viewed from image space Entrance pupil location Exit pupil location Entrance pupil diameter (EPD) Aperture Stop Introduction to CODE V Training, Fall 2022, Slide 1?? Specifying the Aperture ? EPD = Entrance pupil diameter ? NAO = Numerical aperture in object space (finite object) ? NA = Numerical aperture in image space