【正文】 科學，如經(jīng)濟學、社會學、政治學、法學等等。 第二、具體性，又稱客觀性。指統(tǒng)計學研究的是具體的社會經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象的數(shù)量方面，而不是研究抽象的數(shù)字。 這點使統(tǒng)計學有別于數(shù)學 。 第三、總體性，又稱大量性。是指統(tǒng)計學只有通過對大量事物進行研究，或?qū)σ粋€事物的變化作多次觀察研究才能得出關(guān)于現(xiàn)象總體的結(jié)論。 第四、社會性。是指統(tǒng)計的研究對象必然受到社會制度、社會規(guī)范、社會心理等因素的制約。 統(tǒng)計學社會性舉例 ?70年代三大件 ?80年代三大件 ?90年代三大件 ?目前 自行車 手表 收音機 洗衣機 冰箱 電視機 房屋裝修 電腦 空調(diào) 汽車 住房 出國旅游 Categorizing ?聯(lián)合國教科文組織在 70年代初期出版的三卷本專著 《 社會科學與人文科學研究中的主要趨勢 》 將統(tǒng)計學作為一門獨立的社會科學看待。長期以來，我國一直將統(tǒng)計學 (即傳統(tǒng)的社會經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)計學 )劃為經(jīng)濟學的二級學科。 ? 我國國家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局于 1992年 11月 1日公布的《 中華人民共和國國家標準學科分類與代碼 》 文件中， 將統(tǒng)計學列為與經(jīng)濟學、哲學、法學并列的一級學科，將其劃入社會科學門類 ， 并在其下設立十四個二級學科：描述統(tǒng)計學、統(tǒng)計管理學、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計學、統(tǒng)計心理學、經(jīng)濟統(tǒng)計學、科技統(tǒng)計學、社會統(tǒng)計學、人口統(tǒng)計學、環(huán)境與生態(tài)統(tǒng)計學、國際統(tǒng)計學、統(tǒng)計學其它學科等等。還將以上十四個二級學科進一步劃分為六十個三級學科，數(shù)理統(tǒng)計同時又作為數(shù)學的一個二級學科。以上就是“大統(tǒng)計”的基本構(gòu)想。 The relationship between statistics and other subjects ?1. Statistics and Mathematics ?2. Statistics and modern puting technology SPSS— Statistical Product and Service Solution SAS— Statistical Analysis System Abuses of Statistics ?A reported average can be misleading ?Charts and graphs can be used to visually mislead. ?Misleading with sampling methods: 2 out of 3 dentists surveyed indicated they would remend Brand X toothpaste to their patients. ?Sometimes numbers themselves can be deceptive. Basic Concepts in Statistics ?A population is a set of existing units (usually people, objects or events). ?The persons or objects possessing the characteristics that interest the statistician are referred to as elementary units. Population and Elementary Units Examples of population ? of last years graduates of the economic school ? currently employed workers in the United States ? of the consumers who bought a cellular phone last year ? currently registered voters in Ohio ? of the fires reported last month to Tulsa Oklahoma Fire Department. characteristics ?總體具有如下三個特點： 第一，同質(zhì)性。 第二，差異性。 第三，大量性。 Limited population and Unlimited population Relativity of population and elementary unit Hypothetical Populations ?The population of all Lincoln Town Car that could potentially be produced by this year’s Town Car manufacturing process. ?The population of all consumers who might potentially purchase a cellular phone this year. Variables ? The characteristics of elementary units are themselves called variables, Any single observation about a specified characteristic of interest is called datum. 我們只關(guān)心那些與研究目的有關(guān)的標志 (屬性 ) ? A variable that is normally not expressed numerically (because it differs in kind rather than degree among elementary units) is called a qualitative variable. ? 品質(zhì)標志描述總體單位的品質(zhì)屬性，只能定性描述 。 Qualitative Variable Observations about a dichotomous[di’kotemes] qualitative variable can be made only in two categories: for examp1e, male or female, employed or unemployed, correct or incorrect, defective or satisfactory, elected or defeated, absent or present. Observations about a multinomial[malti’neumiel] qualitative variable can be made in more than two categories。 consider job titles, colors, languages, religions, or types of businesses. a variable that is norma1ly expressed numerically (because it differs in degree rather than kind among elementary units) is called a quantitative variable. Quantitative Variable Observations about a discrete quantitative Variable can assume values only at specific points on a sca1e of values, with gaps between them. Consider observing the number of children in families, of employees in firms, of students in classes, of rooms in houses, of cars in stock, of cows in Observations about a continuous quantitative variable can, in contrast,