[經(jīng)濟學]ch16equilibrium-文庫吧
2024-10-04 02:20 本頁面
【正文】 price. p q Market Equilibrium Market quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to price. S1(q) = p*. p q p* Market Equilibrium Market quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to price. S1(q) = p*. p q p* D1(q) = (aq)/b Market demand Market Equilibrium Market quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to price. S1(q) = p*. p q p* D1(q) = (aq)/b Market demand q* Market Equilibrium Market quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to price. S1(q) = p*. p q p* D1(q) = (aq)/b Market demand q* = abp* p* = D1(q*) = (aq*)/b so q* = abp* Quantity Taxes ?A quantity tax levied at a rate of $t is a tax of $t paid on each unit traded. ?If the tax is levied on sellers then it is an excise tax.（消費稅，貨物稅，執(zhí)照稅） ?If the tax is levied on buyers then it is a sales tax.(營業(yè)稅 ) Quantity Taxes ?What is the effect of a quantity tax on a market’s equilibrium? ?How are prices affected? ?How is the quantity traded affected? ?Who pays the tax? ?How are gainstotrade altered? Quantity Taxes ?A tax rate t makes the price paid by buyers, pb, higher by t from the price received by sellers, ps. p p tb s? ?Quantity Taxes ?Even with a tax the market must clear. ?. quantity demanded by buyers at price pb must equal quantity supplied by sellers at price ps. D p S pb s( ) ( )?Quantity Taxes p p tb s? ? D p S pb s( ) ( )?and describe the market’s equilibrium. Notice that these two conditions apply no matter if the tax is levied on sellers or on buyers. Hence, a sales tax rate $t has the same effect as an excise tax rate $t. Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* No tax Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* $t An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t, raises the buyers’ price and lowers the quantity traded. $t pb qt Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An excise tax raises the market supply curve by $t, raises the buyers’ price and lowers the quantity traded. $t pb qt And sellers receive only ps = pb t. ps Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* No tax Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t $t Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t, lowers the sellers’ price and reduces the quantity traded. $t qt ps Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* An sales tax lowers the market demand curve by $t, lowers the sellers’ price and reduces the quantity traded. $t pb qt And buyers pay pb = ps + t. ps Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium p D(p), S(p) Market demand Market supply p* q* A sales tax levied at rate $t has the same effects on the market’s equilibrium as does an excise tax levied at rate $t. $t pb qt ps $t Quantity Taxes amp。 Market Equilibrium ?Who pays the tax of $t per uni
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