【正文】 nces. Polite languages are mainly expressed in the forms of address, greeting, congratulation, appreciation and apology. Polite language, is not only some language39。s characteristic itself, it but also(這 里缺乏與左邊“ not only”搭配的詞 ) reflects a nationality39。s cultural quality and the tutelage. The people (語法錯誤 → ) who contacts with the English and Americans will have a mon feeling: The English and American who pay attention to politeness very much. Our country is an ancient nation。 it has fine tradition which is known as the country of ceremonies. With globalization and more international contacts expression, (大小寫錯誤 → ) in both the East and the West cultures, politeness has long been regarded as an indispensable part of language. There exists a wideranging use of politeness and polite language that have clearly demonstrated people39。s fondness and importance of his particular linguistics device. Also, in culture of English and has the same social functions in these two different cultures, but they are different in practical use. 小孫，你論文的英語表達存在下例問題（見文中 黃色 字體部分）： 1）缺空格， 2）不應(yīng)空格而空格， 3）標(biāo)點符號錯誤， 4）拼寫錯誤， 5）用詞錯誤， 6）語法錯誤， 7）語義表達不清 , 8）語義有邏輯錯誤， 9）觀點邏輯錯誤等問題。請認(rèn)真修改。（ 請一定要用此稿修改，并且用紅色字體修改！ ） —— 楊勇堅 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Polite Language 1. The Politeness Principle of Brown and Levinsion In many language munities, when someone makes a small request to the others, he would often use some identical language when he mention a larger request, he will use some relatively formal language (such as indirect language, apologize for their institution, etc.)。 When they are not sure if they can make the same request, he will use more indirect expression, (such conversation: It39。ll be nicer if it39。s a bit more salty.), In the above circumstances, we should use polite expressions to respect ourselves and the others. We should use polite language, our aim is keeping good social relationship between the two sides, which enables munication to go smoothly in friendly atmosphere, and the municative goal will be realized. The function of politeness As a universal phenomenon in society, politeness’ main functions are maintaining social order。 maintaining friendly interpersonal relations。 reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts as to attain the aim of munication. The principles of politeness Leech proposes Politeness Principle and its six maxims: (1) TACT MAXIM (in appositives’ and missives) (a) Minimize cost to other (b) Maximize benefit to other (2) GENEROSITY MAXIM (inexpressive an assertive) (a) Minimize benefit to self (b) Maximize cost to self （缺空格、及拼寫錯誤 → ） (3) APPROBATION MAXIM (inexpressive and assertive) (a) Minimize dispraise of other (b) Maximize praise of other (4) MODESTY MAXIM (inexpressive and assertive) (a) Minimize praise of self (b) Maximize dispraise of self (5) AGREEMENT MAXIM (in assertive) (a) Minimize disagreement between self and other A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Polite Language (b) Maximize agreement between self and other (6) SYMPATHY MAXIM (in assertive) (a) Minimize antipathy between self and other (b) Maximize sympathy between self and other Of the six maxims, (1) and (2) go in pairs, they are both used in appositives and missives. The difference is that (1) deals with the benefit and cost of others, while (2) deals with the benefit and cost of self. According to these two maxims, I can lend you my bike.Is polite? While you can lend me your bike?” is impolite? (3) And (4) also go in pairs. According to Approbation Maxim, you should praise others when it is necessary and avoid saying unpleasant things about others. So” What a marvelous meal you cooked. is highly valued, while” What an awful meal you cooked. is not. It39。s better to express regret (I39。m sorry to say) and partial agreement (Yes, in a way, but) before disagreeing with others. Sympathy maxim explains why congratulations and condolences are courteous speech acts. The signification of politeness39。 research politeness of language plays an important role in linguistics study. Social linguistics explores the impact of the social contract and culture of language, while politeness is a direct reflection of these factors. Brown and Levinson39。s studies show that people determine their own politeness level on the basis of the following three factors. First, the social distance between speaks and listeners. This greater the distance is, the higher the degree of politeness is. For example, people are more polite when they speakers to strangers than to their friends. Second, the distribution of powers between the two sides,it decides the degree of politeness,the greater the listener39。s power is, the more polite the speaker39。s language. Third, because of cultural differences, people have different views on the imposition and acceptance. They are very sensitive to the language of cultural mun