電視廣播大學(xué)中國文化概觀重點考試小抄【精編】--?？瓶荚嚤貍湫〕?文庫吧
2025-05-17 07:43 本頁面
【正文】 鳳的象征意義及其所特有的龍鳳文化。 P313 答題要點：（ 1）從文化原型上進(jìn)行溯源，龍鳳都是遠(yuǎn)古初民部落的圖騰，龍主要是中原各族圖騰物的結(jié)合體，鳳則為南方各族圖騰物的結(jié)合體。后來炎黃二帝經(jīng)過戰(zhàn)爭合并為 一體，結(jié)成了炎黃部落聯(lián)名為主體的華夏族，并形成了共同的圖騰 —— 龍。（ 2）鳳作為炎帝部落聯(lián)盟的圖騰，也是南方部落的圖騰，為火鳥，行火德，龍飛于天，騰云駕霧，行水德，水火相克，可一旦交合，也就相生，標(biāo)志著新紀(jì)元的開始。（ 3）上古時代，中國人即形成了一陰一陽平等對立觀念，以龍為陽，以鳳為陰，龍鳳相配，主要象征陰陽和合，因此，龍鳳成了陰陽的象征。（ 4）從天來講，陰陽和合意味著風(fēng)調(diào)雨順、五谷豐登，從人類社會來講，龍鳳呈祥，也就標(biāo)志著國運昌盛、人民安居樂業(yè)。作為一種文化現(xiàn)象，龍鳳對中國人的影響是至為深刻的，在至高無上的 后宮，皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?，娘娘則是鳳。 總而言之，龍鳳文化在民間具有較皇室更為廣泛的引申和象征意義。他們?nèi)魏螘r候都象征著吉祥如意，表達(dá)著中國人對和平、團(tuán)圓、幸福、美滿生活的企盼和向往。 結(jié)合自己的實際，談?wù)勅绾伟盐蘸昧x與利的辯證關(guān)系。 P258 答題要點：重義輕利，跟商品經(jīng)濟(jì)存在著水火不能相容的矛盾。這種觀念至今還有著巨大的影響。以上海為中心的江南地區(qū)，商品經(jīng)濟(jì)較為發(fā)達(dá)，在中國文化中表現(xiàn)出重利的亞文化特色，而在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)不夠健全而傳統(tǒng)文化意識卻相對頗濃的內(nèi)地，仍有著很濃的重義輕利的思想，這極大地阻礙了市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的 發(fā)展和健全。如何處理義與利的關(guān)系，是一個很重要的問題。唯利是圖，從文化學(xué)的角度來看，顯然與我們的倫理化文化背景相違背（這種背景就活生生地存在于每個社會成員的周圍），背信棄義、為富不仁而被人指脊梁骨，就說明這種行為缺乏文化支撐，因而不能為群體所認(rèn)同。但片面追求義而不取利，也是不現(xiàn)實的?！袄卒h精神”之所以有別于雷鋒的所作所為，我們對雷鋒精神的認(rèn)識也有著時代意義，就在于雷鋒作為個體，其價值實現(xiàn)表現(xiàn)在對社會的奉獻(xiàn)上，而他對社會的奉獻(xiàn)，又反作用于他自身，使之意識到了個體的存在。一句話，人是自然的人，但同時也具有社會屬 性。一味向社會索取而不對社會有所回報，在被社會拋棄的同時，他的人生價值也不可能實現(xiàn)。特別是在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)高度發(fā)達(dá)的今天，物質(zhì)相當(dāng)豐富的今天，“老死不相往來”的自然經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)消失，沒有物質(zhì)利益的追求，幾乎可以說是不可想象的事。因此，這時最主要的就是如何深入認(rèn)識利的內(nèi)涵，如何把對物質(zhì)利益的追求與個體精神的愉悅、個體道德修養(yǎng)的提高結(jié)合起來，將私利意識與社會公德結(jié)合起來，恰到好處地處理好二者之間的矛盾才是 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必 過小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ?effector‘ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ?chemical neurotransmission‘ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ?cholinergic‘. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane rec
試題試卷相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號-1