外文翻譯--在全球價(jià)值鏈的地方產(chǎn)業(yè)集群：探索德國(guó)和巴基斯坦之間的動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)系-文庫(kù)吧
2025-04-17 07:35 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 duction process or the organization of production (Bell and Albu 1999). This distinction between knowledge flows and production flows provides an important organizing principle to the paper and is central in explaining the nature of linkages between the two clusters and their dynamic responses to the mon global challenges that they currently face. These challenges include meeting higher global quality standards, facing greater lowcost petition, and reacting to new developments in health care delivery and medical technology. We study the responses of the two clusters to these challenges, and the implications for the relationships between them as well as for their growth dynamics. The next section considers the importance of external knowledge flows, especially through global value chains, to cluster upgrading. Section 3 provides an overview of the global surgical instruments sector, outlining the two clusters and their main connections. Section 4 reports on upgrading responses in each cluster in the face of mon challenges. Section 5 focuses on the material and knowledge flows across the two clusters that influence such upgrading. The paper concludes by considering the future trajectories for Tuttlingen and Sialkot. Clusters, value chains and upgrading Much of the recent conceptual discussion on clusters has focused on the process of knowledge generation and dissemination (Bathelt et al. 2020). Malmberg and Maskell (2020: 442) argue that at the horizontal and vertical dimensions of cluster relationships, distinct mechanisms work to enhance learning dynamics. Thus, strong interfirm rivalry at the horizontal level alongside more trustbased relations at the vertical level can work together to promote learning. This may be further facilitated through an institutional dimension of a cluster. It is widely acknowledged that a strength of clusters reside in the rapid use, replication and circulation of knowledge within the cluster’s boundaries (Nadvi 1999a). Technological similarities of firms and social coherence of personal actors can promote such patterns of learning (Bathelt et al. 2020). However, the circulation, absorption and modification of already existing knowledge within the cluster rarely alter the stock of knowledge in more than an incremental way (Humphrey and Schmitz 2020). In fact, a concentration on internal mechanisms and a ‘regional gaze’ that fails to look beyond the boundaries of the cluster are elements of recent critiques of previous work on industrial clustering (Lagendijk 2020). Radical upgrading, be it technological, processual or functional in nature, often requires a bination of external and internal knowledge (Bell and Albu 1999, Bathelt et al. 2020). It is argued, that even worldclass clusters need external ideas and inspiration to retain their dynamism, and cannot rely on their own expertise to bring about sustained technological developments. Thus, the longterm success of a cluster is tied to the ability of clustered firms to build channels to external partners providing plementary and new knowledge. This emphasis on external and internal linkages in understandi ng cluster dynamics requires a conceptual framework to analyze local and global ties. The value chain approach provides a useful model (Gereffi 1994). It shows how the distinct functions involved in turning a raw material into a final product can be mapped onto the plex interrelations that exist between local suppliers and their global buyers. The approach emphasizes the role of governance, or conscious coordination, of distinct activities within the chain. This highlights the significance of power in the chain (Gereffi et al. 2020, Bathelt and Taylor 2020). The influence of actors in the chai
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