新科學(xué)和技術(shù)以及創(chuàng)新在印度的發(fā)展外文翻譯-文庫吧
2025-04-17 01:08 本頁面
【正文】 to high quality scientists, engineers and designers in India. Some Ramp。D centers set up in India by some MNEs conduct contract research for the corporate laboratories outside India. Prior to 1991, the establishment of such Ramp。D centers by MNEs was consciously lacking. Since India signed the GATT Agreement in 1993 and subsequently passed the Intellectual Property law in 1994, over 60 MNEs have set up Ramp。D centers in technology intensive industries, mostly to take advantage of the strong pool of highlytrained engineers and scientists. Before 1991, there were only two such centers in the country. Apart from the setting up of new centers in India to take advantage of the liberalized atmosphere, the raison d’234。tre and mode of operation of existing centers have also been changing by the new market environment. Some panies have pletely restructured their Ramp。D centers in India, shifting the focus from developing products for Indian markets to making them centers of global excellence. Others have expanded their. operations and hired many Indian scientists and technologists. This is more evident in the areas of information and puter technology. Such centers conduct Ramp。D for worldwide operations. The availability of high quality labor has been a motivating factor in the establishment of centers by panies such as Astra, Unilever, GE and Software Development Centers of Texas Instruments, Oracle, Microsoft and others. Substantial Ramp。D presence has also been established in the areas of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Commercial Orientation of Public Research Organizations India has a strong industrial research infrastructure, which was fostered in the early stages of its postindependence growth. While the supplyside was generously supported, the industrial research system, prior to liberalization, was mostly geared to import substitution (Bowonder and Richardson, 2020). The publicly funded Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and other bodies tended to be isolated entities with little or no links to industry. In such a protected environment, there was no need to benchmark their activities to those of global players. Also their activities were only marginally focused on mercialization. The last decade has seen many of these laboratories bee more mercially oriented. They have been directing their efforts towards international quality Ramp。D. Two recent major policy thrusts have been (a) an increase in the quest for patenting in Europe and the USA, as a means of engendering a strong desire to undertake Ramp。D and to innovate and (b) an increase in the mercial orientation of industrial research, with a view to making these bodies less dependent on public budgetary support. FDI Spillover’s and Technological Capability Liberalization policies and the response by both foreign and Indian panies alike have had many spillovers that are valuable for India’s technological capability. The growth of the software industry has had wideranging impact on the economy. The demand for software imports and the setting up of foreign development centers have contributed to the rapid increase in pensation levels, estimated at an annual rate of 25% in the second half of the 1990s. Other benefits have included stock options and good employment opportunities, thereby slowing brain drain to some extent. Foreign participation has exposed Indian engineers and scientists to new technologies and made them more sensitive to the protection of intellectual property (software IP piracy was estimated to have risen from 59% to 61% between 1999 and 2020 ( Krishnan, 2020). Another factor has been the sharp increase
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