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position by 10 : 00 this morning. 二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有: ( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點。 如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o39。clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。 如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before +過去的時間點。 如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在: 1)表示意向的動詞,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用過去完成時表示 原本 ?,未能 ? We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 2 )賓語從句中 當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 said that she had seen the film before he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如: did you study before you came here? he closed the door, he left the classroom. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn39。t seen each other since he went to Beijing. 三、過去完成時的主要用法 1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如: When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”) 2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如: He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與already, yet , still , just , before , never 等時間副詞及 by , before , until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如: Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. 4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始, 一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能) 5. 過去完成時也用于 hardly...when...(剛 ?就 ?) no sooner...than... (剛 ?就 ?) , It was the first time + that等一些固定句型中。 He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他剛離開房間,他們就議論起他來。 \We had hardly begun when we were told to stop. 我們剛開始就被叫停。 It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune. 他用這樣的語調(diào)跟我講話,這是第一次。 四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時,才用到它。試比較: I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那時為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。 五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別 雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點: 1. 時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.