【正文】 。CAFD是生產準備的重要部分。確定該工序所使用的夾具，給出夾具的裝配圖和零件圖是連接CAD 與CAM 的橋梁。集成化的CAFD應首先實現與CAPP的集成。集成化是CAFD系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的必然方向，是企業(yè)信息集成的必然要求。(2)標準化。標準化是提高CAFD 系統(tǒng)適應性和促進集成的基礎。功能模塊標準化將有利于實現CAFD系統(tǒng)與CAPP的集成。(3)并行化。以往的CAFD總是在CAPP制定完所有工序之后才開始進行，并行化則強調CAFD 與CAPP并行實現。CAFD并行化的發(fā)展將更加提高夾具設計效率，縮短生產準備周期?？? 結 通過14周的辛苦努力開發(fā)與設計,使我從這次畢業(yè)設計中學到了很多東西,得到了很多鍛煉,特別是在綜合策劃設計流程上有了很大的提高,也加深以前學過的基礎理論知識和專業(yè)理論知識,由于經驗不足水平有限,難免會出現錯誤,希望能及時提供寶貴的意見和建議。在對半軸的工藝性進行了詳細的分析后，設計出了加工的工藝過程，根據加工要求設計專用夾具設計，一付是用來車削半軸的外圓，一付是用來鉆削半軸圓盤上均勻分布的小孔，在設計中注意的夾具的經濟性和使用性，盡量降低加工時的成本，減少工人的勞動強度，除此還進行了組合量具的設計，用來檢查6個均勻分布的小孔的位置度公差。參考文獻[1] 陳家瑞,[M].人民交通出版社,. [2] 王季坤,[M]..[3] 艾興,[M]，機械工業(yè)出版社,.[4] [M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社.[5] 機械制造工藝設計手冊簡明手冊[M]。哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社.[6] 吳宗澤,[M]，～.[7] [M].西安：陜西科學技術出版社，～58.[8] 張福潤,徐鴻本,[M].武昌：華中科技大學出版社，～320.[9] Sachs，H．K and Chou。C?C‘On the stability in the of Lyapunov of a mbbcrtire vehicle’，Journal ofdynamics，Measurement，and Control，ASME， June 1976．[10] 王啟義機械制造裝備設計[M] 冶金工業(yè)出版社. [11] 王啟平,機床夾具設計[M].哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社，.[12] [M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，～37，40～41.[13] 李青. 機械工程與自動化[J]. 004(6).99101,103 .[14] 朱耀祥,[J].機械科 .[15] [J].機械工程學.[16] 丁殿忠，[M].北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，.[17] [J].天津大學出版社， 2003(11).3840.[18] 閆志中,[J].內蒙古林學院學報. 致 謝畢業(yè)設計是大學階段的一門重要課程,是對大學期間所學知識的總結和升華,通過兩個多月的畢業(yè)設計,我認識到理論和實踐的統(tǒng)一性,知識要活學活用,要把學到的理論靈活的應用到實踐中去,把知識變成物質的東西,只有這樣學到的知識才是自己的,社會才會承認知識的重要性.畢業(yè)設計既是檢驗自己對所學的知識的應用能力,又是一個體現團結合作的過程,在畢業(yè)設計階段,從開始搜集資料到深入分析改進工作的原理、結構、功能,到提出初步的設計方案,直至最后完成, 石傳龍老師一直關注著我們的進展,、嚴謹治學的態(tài)度,更收益于老師們的為人、,學生在這里表示衷心的感謝!系機房也免費為我們畢業(yè)生計的同學開放,從老師那里我們得到的一種無形的力量,我們也得到了廣大同學的支持和幫助,如果沒有他們的幫助,我們肯能沒有這么順利就完成畢業(yè)設計. 本次設計任務業(yè)已順利完成,但由于本人水平有限,缺乏經驗,難免會留下一些遺憾,在此懇請各位專家、老師及同學不吝賜教. 最后,我對所有老師的精心指導表示忠心感謝,對所有同學給予的支持、幫助,表示感謝,希望他們身體健康、工作順利! 2009年5月10日英文資料. If the service braking force and transmission depend exclusively on the use of an energy reserve,one energy reserve for the transmission is deemed to be sufficient,provided that the prescribe dsecondary braking is ensured by the action of the driver39。s muscular energy acting on the service brake control and the requirements of paragraph . are met.. certain parts, such as the pedal and its bearing, the master cylinder and its piston or pistons (hydraulic systems),the control valve (hydraulic and/or pneumatic systems), the linkage between the pedal and the master cylinder or the control valve,the brake cylinders and their pistons(hydraulic and/or pneumatic systems), and the leverandcam assemblies of brakes, shall not be regarded as liable to breakage if they are amply dimensioned,are readily accessible for maintenance,and exhibit safety features at least equal to those prescribed for other essential ponents(such as the steering linkage)of the such part as aforesaid whose failure would make it impossible to brake the vehicle with a degree of effectiveness at least equal to that prescribed for secondary braking must be made of metal or ofa material with equivalent characteristics and must no tunder notable distortion in normal operation of the braking systems.. Where there are separate controls for the service braking system and the secondary braking system, simultaneous actuation of the two controls must not render both the service braking system and the secondary braking system inoperative, either when both braking systems are in good working order or when one of them is faulty.. The service braking system must,whether or not it is bined with the secondary braking system, be such that in the event of failure in a part of its transmission a sufficient number of wheels are still braked by actuation of the service brake control。 these wheels must be so selected that the residual performance of the service braking system satisfies the requirements laid down in paragraph . of annex 4 to this Regulation.. However,the foregoing provisions shall not apply to tractor vehicles for semitrailers when the transmission of the semitrailer39。s service braking system is independent of that of the tractor vehicle39。s service braking system. The failure of a part of a hydraulic transmission system shall be signalled to the driver by a device prising a red warning signal,as specified in paragraph . Alternatively, the lighting up of this device when the fluid in the reservoir is below a certain level specified by the manufacturer shall be permitted.. Where use is made of energy other than the muscular energy of the driver,there need not be more than one source of such energy(hydraulic pump, air pressor, etc.), but the means by which the device constituting that source is driven must be as safe as practicable.. In the event of failure in any part of the transmission of a braking system, the feed to the part not affected by the failure must continue to be ensured if required for the purpose of halting the vehicle with the degree of effectiveness prescribed for residual and/or secondary condition must be met by means of devices which can be easily actuated when the vehicle is stationary,or by automatic means.. Furthermore, storage devices located downcircuit of this device must be such that in the case of a failure in the energy supply after four fullstroke actuations of the service brake control,under the conditions prescribed in paragraph . of annex 7 to this Regulation,it is still possible to halt the vehicle at the fifth application,with the degree of effectiveness prescribed for secondary braking.. However,for hydraulic braking systems with stored energy, these provisions can be considered to be met provided that the requirements of paragraph Part C of annex 7 to this Regulation, are satisfied.. The requirements of paragraphs ., . and this Regulation must be met without the use of any automatic device of a kind such that its ineffectiveness might pass unnoticed through the fact that parts normally