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影響、銅板的截面削弱過多、鋼板在端部被螺栓沖剪破壞、被連接板件間發(fā)生鼓曲現(xiàn)象和滿足施工空間要求等,規(guī)定了螺栓排列的最大和最小容許 距離。 計(jì)算格構(gòu)式軸心受壓構(gòu)件繞虛軸的整體穩(wěn)定時(shí), 為什么采用換算長細(xì)比 ? 答 :格構(gòu)式軸心受壓構(gòu)件,當(dāng)繞虛軸失穩(wěn)時(shí),因肢件之間并不是連續(xù)的板而只是每隔一定距離用綴條或綴板聯(lián)系起來,構(gòu)件 的剪切變形較大,剪力造成的附加影響不能忽略。因此,采用換算長細(xì)比來考慮綴材剪切變形對(duì)格構(gòu)式軸心受壓構(gòu)件繞虛軸的穩(wěn)定承載力的影響。 簡述鋼材塑性破壞和脆性破壞。 答 :塑性破壞是由于變形過大,超過了材料或構(gòu)件可能的應(yīng)變能力而產(chǎn)生的,而且僅在構(gòu)件的應(yīng)力達(dá)到鋼材的抗拉強(qiáng)度 f。后才發(fā)生,破壞前構(gòu)件產(chǎn)生較大的塑性變形 。脆性破壞前塑性變形很小,甚至沒有塑性變形,計(jì)算應(yīng)力可能小于鋼材的屈服點(diǎn) .幾,斷裂從應(yīng)力集中處開始。 抗剪普通螺栓有哪幾種可能的破壞形式 ?如何防止 ? 答 :螺栓抗剪連接達(dá)到極限承載力時(shí),可能的破壞形式有四 種形式 :①栓桿被剪斷 。②螺栓承壓破壞 。③板件凈截面被拉斷 。④端板被栓桿沖剪破壞。第 ① 、② 種破壞形式通過螺栓計(jì)算保證 。第③種破壞形式采用構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算保證 。第④種破壞形式由螺栓端距妻 2d。 設(shè)計(jì)拉彎和壓彎構(gòu)件時(shí)應(yīng)計(jì)算的內(nèi)容 ? 答 :拉彎構(gòu)件需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度和剛度 (限制長細(xì)比 )。壓彎構(gòu)件則需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度、整體穩(wěn)定(彎矩作用平面內(nèi)穩(wěn)定和彎矩作用平面外穩(wěn)定 )、局部穩(wěn)定和剛度 (限制長細(xì)比 )。 什么情況下會(huì)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中,應(yīng)力集中對(duì)鋼材材性能有何影響 ? 答 :實(shí) 際的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件有時(shí)存在著孔洞、槽口、凹角、截面突然改變以及鋼 材內(nèi)部缺陷等。此時(shí),構(gòu)件中的應(yīng)力分布將不再保持均勻,而是在某些區(qū)域產(chǎn)生局部高峰應(yīng)力,在另外一些區(qū)域則應(yīng)力降低,即產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中形象。在負(fù)溫或動(dòng)力荷載作用下,應(yīng)力集中的不利影響將十分突出,往往是引起脆性破壞的根源。 高強(qiáng)度螺栓連接和普通螺栓連接的主要區(qū)別是什么 ? 答 :高 強(qiáng)度螺栓連接和普通螺栓連接的主要區(qū)別在于普通螺栓連接在受剪時(shí)依靠螺栓栓桿承壓和抗剪傳遞剪力,在擰緊螺帽時(shí)螺栓產(chǎn)生的預(yù)拉力很小,其影響可以忽略。而高強(qiáng)度螺栓除了其材料強(qiáng)度高之外,擰緊螺栓還施加很大的預(yù)拉力,使被連接板件的接觸面之間產(chǎn)生壓緊力,因 而板件間存在很大的摩擦力。 規(guī)定螺栓排列的最大和最小容許距離 ? .答 : 為了避免螺栓周圍應(yīng)力集中相互影響、鋼板的截面削弱過多、鋼板在端部被螺栓沖剪破壞、被連接板件間發(fā)生鼓曲現(xiàn)象和滿足施工空間要求等,規(guī)定了螺栓排列的最大和最小容許距離。 什么是梁的整體失穩(wěn)現(xiàn)象 ? 答 :梁 主要用于承受彎矩,為了充分發(fā)揮材料的強(qiáng)度,其截面通常設(shè)計(jì)成高而窄的形式。當(dāng)荷載較小時(shí),僅在彎矩作用平面內(nèi)彎曲,當(dāng)荷載增大到某一數(shù)值后,梁在彎矩作用平面內(nèi)彎曲的同時(shí),將突然發(fā)生側(cè)向彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn),并喪失繼續(xù)承載的能力,這種現(xiàn)象稱為梁的彎扭屈曲或 整體失穩(wěn)。 什么情況下會(huì)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中,應(yīng)力集中對(duì)鋼材性能有何影響 ? 答 :實(shí)際的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件有時(shí)存在著孔洞、槽口、凹角、截面突然改變以及鋼材內(nèi)部缺陷等。此時(shí),構(gòu)件中的應(yīng)力分布將不再保持均勻,產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中。在負(fù)溫或動(dòng)力荷載作用下,應(yīng)力集中的不利影響將十分突出,往往是引起脆性破壞的根源。 抗剪普通螺栓連接有哪幾種可能的破壞形式 ? 答 :螺栓抗剪連接達(dá)到極限承載力時(shí),可能的破壞形式有四種形式 :①栓桿被剪斷 。②螺栓承壓破壞 。③板件凈截面被拉斷 。④端板被栓桿沖剪破壞 。 化學(xué)成分碳、硫、磷對(duì)鋼材的性能有哪些影響 ? 答 :碳 含 量增加,強(qiáng)度提高,塑性、韌性和疲勞強(qiáng)度下降,同時(shí)惡化可焊性和抗腐蝕性。硫使鋼熱脆,磷使鋼冷脆。但磷也可提高鋼材的強(qiáng)度和抗銹性。 格構(gòu)式構(gòu)件截面考慮塑性發(fā)展嗎 ? 答 :格構(gòu)式構(gòu)件截面不考慮塑性發(fā)展,按邊緣屈服準(zhǔn)則計(jì)算,因?yàn)榻孛嬷胁靠招摹? 31. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和其他材料的結(jié)構(gòu)相比具有哪些特點(diǎn) ? 答 :建筑鋼材強(qiáng)度高,塑性和韌性好 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的重量輕 z材質(zhì)均勻,與力學(xué)計(jì)算的假定比較符合 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)制作簡便,施工工期短 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)密閉性好 E鋼結(jié)構(gòu)耐腐蝕性差 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)耐熱但不耐火 z鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可能發(fā)生脆性斷裂。 32. 為何要規(guī)定螺栓排 列的最大和最小容許距離 ? 答 t為了避免螺栓周圍應(yīng)力集中相互影響、鋼板的截面削弱過多、鋼板在端部被螺栓沖剪破壞、被連接板件間發(fā)生鼓曲現(xiàn)象和滿足施工空間要求等,規(guī)定肋螺栓排列的最大和最小容許距離。 33. 實(shí)腹式軸心受壓構(gòu)件進(jìn)行截面選擇時(shí),應(yīng)主要考慮的原則是什么 ? 答 :(1)面積的分布盡量開展,以增加截面的慣性矩和回轉(zhuǎn)半徑,提高柱的整體穩(wěn)定承載力 和剛度 。 (2)兩個(gè)主軸方向盡量等穩(wěn)定,以達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)的效果川 3)便于與其他構(gòu)件進(jìn)行連接,盡可能構(gòu)造簡單,制造省工,取材方便。 31. 簡述鋼結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)鋼材的基本要求。 答 :(1)較高的強(qiáng)度 (抗拉強(qiáng)度 !u和屈服點(diǎn) !y) 。 (2)足夠的變形能力 (塑性和韌性 )。(3)良好的工藝性能 (冷加工、熱加工和可焊性能 )。 (4)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體工作條件,有時(shí)還要求鋼材具有適應(yīng)低溫、高溫和腐蝕性環(huán)境的能力。 32. 什么情況下會(huì)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中,應(yīng)力集中對(duì)鋼材材性能有何影響 ? 答 :實(shí)際的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件有時(shí)存在著孔洞、槽口、凹角、截面突然改變以及鋼材內(nèi)部缺陷等。此時(shí),構(gòu)件中的應(yīng)力分布將不再保持均勻,而是在某些區(qū)域產(chǎn)生局部高峰應(yīng)力,在另外一些區(qū)域則應(yīng)力降低,即產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中形象。在負(fù)溫或動(dòng)力荷載作用下,應(yīng)力集 中的不利影響將十分突出,往往是引起脆性破壞的根源。 33. 設(shè)計(jì)拉彎和壓彎構(gòu)件時(shí)應(yīng)計(jì)算的內(nèi)容 ? 答 :拉彎構(gòu)件需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度和剛度 (限制長細(xì)比 )。壓彎構(gòu)件則需要計(jì)算強(qiáng)度、整體穩(wěn)定(彎矩作用平面內(nèi)穩(wěn)定和彎矩作用平面外穩(wěn)定〉、局部穩(wěn)定和剛度 (限制長細(xì)比〉。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?! 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄, 電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs range in size from in (7276 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 1822 oz (510624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (18611939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the handeye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismith39。s five basic pr