【正文】 s World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Almonte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismith39。s professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women39。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 England in 1894。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄， 電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。 33. 設計拉彎和壓彎構(gòu)件時應計算的內(nèi)容 ? 答 :拉彎構(gòu)件需要計算強度和剛度 (限制長細比 )。此時，構(gòu)件中的應力分布將不再保持均勻，而是在某些區(qū)域產(chǎn)生局部高峰應力，在另外一些區(qū)域則應力降低，即產(chǎn)生應力集中形象。 (4)根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體工作條件，有時還要求鋼材具有適應低溫、高溫和腐蝕性環(huán)境的能力。 (2)足夠的變形能力 (塑性和韌性 )。 31. 簡述鋼結(jié)構(gòu)對鋼材的基本要求。 33. 實腹式軸心受壓構(gòu)件進行截面選擇時，應主要考慮的原則是什么 ? 答 :(1)面積的分布盡量開展，以增加截面的慣性矩和回轉(zhuǎn)半徑，提高柱的整體穩(wěn)定承載力 和剛度 。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)耐熱但不耐火 z鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可能發(fā)生脆性斷裂。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)制作簡便，施工工期短 。 31. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和其他材料的結(jié)構(gòu)相比具有哪些特點 ? 答 :建筑鋼材強度高，塑性和韌性好 。但磷也可提高鋼材的強度和抗銹性。 化學成分碳、硫、磷對鋼材的性能有哪些影響 ? 答 :碳 含 量增加，強度提高，塑性、韌性和疲勞強度下降，同時惡化可焊性和抗腐蝕性。③板件凈截面被拉斷 。 抗剪普通螺栓連接有哪幾種可能的破壞形式 ? 答 :螺栓抗剪連接達到極限承載力時，可能的破壞形式有四種形式 :①栓桿被剪斷 。此時，構(gòu)件中的應力分布將不再保持均勻，產(chǎn)生應力集中。當荷載較小時，僅在彎矩作用平面內(nèi)彎曲，當荷載增大到某一數(shù)值后，梁在彎矩作用平面內(nèi)彎曲的同時，將突然發(fā)生側(cè)向彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)，并喪失繼續(xù)承載的能力，這種現(xiàn)象稱為梁的彎扭屈曲或 整體失穩(wěn)。 規(guī)定螺栓排列的最大和最小容許距離 ? .答 : 為了避免螺栓周圍應力集中相互影響、鋼板的截面削弱過多、鋼板在端部被螺栓沖剪破壞、被連接板件間發(fā)生鼓曲現(xiàn)象和滿足施工空間要求等，規(guī)定了螺栓排列的最大和最小容許距離。 高強度螺栓連接和普通螺栓連接的主要區(qū)別是什么 ? 答 :高 強度螺栓連接和普通螺栓連接的主要區(qū)別在于普通螺栓連接在受剪時依靠螺栓栓桿承壓和抗剪傳遞剪力，在擰緊螺帽時螺栓產(chǎn)生的預