【正文】 uming [C] advertising costs money like everything else [D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? [A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs. [C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost. 13. The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is____. [A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising [B] interested in nothing but the buyers39。 attention [C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information [D] obviously partial in his views on advertising 14. In the author39。 there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we39。 it is likely to bee a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly petitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 39。 moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children pete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system , in which petitive A types seem in some way better than their Btype fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!” By far the worst form of petition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of petition by examination are somewhat questionable, but petition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B?s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child?s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B?s are important and should be encouraged. 23. According to the passage, Atype individuals are usually____. [A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable 24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because____. [A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail [C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful 25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on____. [A] candidates? sensitivity [B] academic achievements [C] petitive spirit [D] surer values 26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that____. [A] the personality of a child is well established at birth [B] family influence dominates the shaping of one39。 s personality is due to multiple factors [D] Btype characteristics can find no place in petitive society Passage 5 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. Socalled intelligent behaviour ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be fotten。 for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) fot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This fetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through fetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and fetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals fet is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance. 27. From the evolutionary point of view, ____. [A] fetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive. [B] if a person gets very fetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive [C] the gradual process of fetting is an indication of an individual39。 and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nieenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world?s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “fortable” classes who had retired on their ines, and who had no relation to the rest of the munity except t