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華南師大心理學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)資料-閱讀頁(yè)

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【正文】 一個(gè)場(chǎng)面(如:農(nóng)舍)繼續(xù)想下去,自由聯(lián)想法不具有主動(dòng)性, Jung把主動(dòng)性容入了其中。 Jung 比較 Freud Jung 無(wú)意識(shí) 重視 重視,也重視集體無(wú)意識(shí) 行為的原始動(dòng)力 性欲 生命力 無(wú)意識(shí)的內(nèi)容 個(gè)體無(wú)意識(shí) 個(gè)體無(wú)意識(shí)、集體無(wú)意識(shí) 研究方法 自由聯(lián)想 詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想、主動(dòng)想象 人格結(jié)構(gòu) 對(duì)立 整體( self:自性) 作心理分析的步驟: 表白(傾訴) 表白; 解釋 解釋 輔導(dǎo)(教育) 轉(zhuǎn)化(人格的轉(zhuǎn)化) Jung 與 Adler 方向不同,但都降低了性欲的作用,也強(qiáng)調(diào)人格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)整體。 伊底與自我是人的本能力量,是同時(shí)存在的。 (四)、艾里克森 p426 人格發(fā)展的 8 個(gè)階段 《心理社會(huì)發(fā)展理論》 他的人格發(fā)展結(jié)構(gòu)是 “自我 ”、 “自我同一性 ” 與弗洛伊德的人格發(fā)展觀的差別: 以自我為核心 把人格的發(fā)展階段擴(kuò)展到人的整個(gè)生命周期 二、 精神分析的社會(huì)文化學(xué)派 p402 背景 p404 開(kāi)端: 1941 年霍妮成立美國(guó)精神分析研究所 (一)、霍妮 p41弗洛姆 p41沙利文 p406 的理論的主要特征: 文化決定論(霍妮)、社會(huì)決定論(弗洛姆) 重視家庭、童年的影響,但是不接受兒童性欲論 在 治療神經(jīng)癥上,抱有樂(lè)觀態(tài)度 保留了精神分析的基本概念(這使其還屬于精神分析) 主要貢獻(xiàn): 霍妮 ——基本焦慮說(shuō) 沙利文 ——人際關(guān)系 弗洛伊姆 ——社會(huì)潛意識(shí),從社會(huì)的角度看精神病的根源 (二)、霍妮的基本焦慮說(shuō)(成名作:《我們時(shí)代的神經(jīng)癥人格》) 背景:經(jīng)濟(jì)因素使神經(jīng)癥 心理疾病是如何產(chǎn)生的? 患者增加;弗歧視婦女 孩子出生處于充滿敵意的世界 ——產(chǎn)生焦慮 ——產(chǎn)生基本敵意 ——產(chǎn)生基本安全感 神經(jīng)癥是文化的產(chǎn)物 克服基本焦慮的 3 種方法: ① 朝向人的運(yùn)動(dòng)(愛(ài)的需要) ② 背離人的運(yùn)動(dòng)(獨(dú)立的需要) ③ 反對(duì)人的運(yùn)動(dòng)(權(quán)力的需要) 理想化的自我意象 (三)、弗洛姆的社會(huì)精神分析說(shuō)(成名作:《逃避自由》) 試圖調(diào)和 “精神分析 ”與 “馬克思主義 ” 人的心理是由什么決定的 ——社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 為什么要逃避自由 ——現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)自由而不安全(其實(shí)沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系) 愿望的滿足得不到保證=不安全 獲得安全的體制有哪些? ( 1)、權(quán)威主義 ——依附于權(quán)威 犧牲自 由而換取安全的畸形社會(huì) ( 2)、社會(huì)主義(人本主義) 不健康的性格傾向 ——外部安全感 ( 1)、接納傾向性 ——期待外界的援助,尋求被愛(ài) ( 2)、剝削傾向性 ——不斷攻擊 …… ( 3)、儲(chǔ)藏傾向性 ——節(jié)儉,以財(cái)富的多少來(lái)衡量安全感 ( 4)、市場(chǎng)傾向性 ——把自己當(dāng)作商品 健康的性格傾向 ——生產(chǎn)傾向性(內(nèi)部安全感) 創(chuàng)造性:通過(guò)創(chuàng)造活動(dòng) 如何醫(yī)治病態(tài)的社會(huì)?(什么是病態(tài)的社會(huì) ——自由和安全不能同時(shí)得到滿足) “心理革命 ”,他認(rèn)為,只要把病態(tài)社會(huì)中的病態(tài)個(gè)體都醫(yī)治好了,那么病態(tài)的社會(huì)就好了 理想主義 烏 托邦 人本主義 第九講 人本主義 一、 興起 美國(guó)的五六十年代 (一)、社會(huì)背景 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng) 戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速發(fā)展 社會(huì)的菱形結(jié)構(gòu) 價(jià)值危機(jī)感 ——低級(jí)需要滿足后要追求什么?迷惘 (二)、哲學(xué)背景 ——存在主義 (三)、心理學(xué)自身的困境 行為主義 ——第一勢(shì)力 精神分析 ——第二勢(shì)力 人本主義 ——第三勢(shì)力 二、 馬斯洛的理論體系 行為主義 超個(gè)人心理學(xué) (二 )、需要層次理論(動(dòng)機(jī)論) 似本能特征(介于精神分析的本能論與行為主義的反本能論之間。 A man of the highest virtue does not keep to virtue and that is whyhe has virtue. A man of the lowest virtue never strays from virtue and that is whyhe is without virtue. The former never acts yet leaves nothing undone. The latter acts but there are things left undone. A man of the highest benevolence acts, but from no ulterior motive. A man of the highest rectitude acts, but from ulterior motive. A man most conversant in the rites acts, but when no one responds rollsup his sleeves and resorts to persuasion by force. Hence when the way was lost there was virtue。 When benevolence was lost there was rectitude。 Foreknowledge is the flowery embellishment of the way And the beginning of folly. Hence the man of large mind abides in the thick not in the thin, inthe fruit not in the flower. Therefore he discards the one and takes the other. 39 Of old, these came to be in possession of the One: Heaven in virtue of the One is limpid。 Gods in virtue of the One have their potencies。 The myriad creatures in virtue of the One are alive。 Without what makes it settled earth might sink。 Without what makes it full the valley might run dry。 Without what makes them leaders lords and princes might fall. Hence the superior must have the inferior as root。solitary39。desolate39。hapless39。 Weakness is the means the way employs. The myriad creatures in the world are born from Something, and Something from Nothing. 41 When the best student hears about the way He practises it assiduously。 When the worst student hears about the way He laughs out loud. If he did not laugh It would be unworthy of being the way. Hence the Chien yen has it: The way that is bright seems dull。 The way that is even seems rough. The highest virtue is like the valley。 Ample virtue seems defective。 Plain virtue seems soiled。 The great note is rarefied in sound。 One begets two。 Three begets the myriad creatures. The myriad creatures carry on their backs the yin and embrace in theirarms the yang and are the blending of the generative forces of the two. There are no words which men detest more than 39。, 39。,and 39。, yet lords and princes use these to refer to themselves. Thus a thing is sometimes added to by being diminished and diminishedby being added to. What others teach I also teach. 39。 I shall take this as my precept. 43 Exterminate learning, and there will no longer be worries. The most submissive thing in the world can ride roughshod over the hardestin the world。 Too much store Is sure to end in immense loss. Know contentment And you will suffer no disgrace。 Great fullness seems empty, Yet use will not drain it。 Great skill seems awkward。 Stillness overes heat. Limpid and still, One can be a leader in the empire. 46 When the way prevails in the empire, fleetfooted horses are relegatedto ploughing in the fields。 There is no disaster greater than not being content。 Without looking out the window One can see the way of heaven. The further one goes The less one knows. Therefore the sage knows without having to stir, Identifies without having to see, Acplishes without having to act. 48 In the pursuit of learning one knows more every day。 There is nowhere for the tiger to place its claws。 Virtue rears them。 Circumstances bring them to maturity. Therefore the myriad creatures all revere the way and honor virtue. Yet the way is revered and virtue honored not because this is decreedby any authority but because it is natural for them to be treated so. Thus the way gives them life and rears t
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