【正文】 robot use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isn’t your metal etchasketch, with the puter interpolating, so the circles e out to be pretty smooth.(CNC Machining)（P9）將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)裝入一個(gè)非常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的機(jī)床，它在控制手柄上有位置感應(yīng)和馬達(dá)。你能使用一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)切削刀具切掉不是你設(shè)計(jì)的所有金屬。(CNC machine)are plicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to (”)while covered in CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors(including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places).This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute.(The puter is not a significant part of the cost any more.)(CNC Machining)（P10）數(shù)控機(jī)床是復(fù)雜的機(jī)器，具有伺服機(jī)構(gòu)和檢測技術(shù)。這些化成運(yùn)行成本可能大大超過1美元/分鐘。10．ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionalitysee Moore’s law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years。由Moore法則，用現(xiàn)代的解釋來說，集成電路中晶體管的數(shù)量每兩年漲一倍。然而，納米級(jí)設(shè)備所用的 IC 芯片不是沒有問題，其中最基本的是漏電流，盡管這些問題不是不可克服的，它可被解決，或至少可通過引入高k值絕緣體被改善。 assembly line machinery is activated and monitored by a single PLC, where in the past hundreds of timers and relays would have been required to do the machine or system user rarely, if ever, interacts directly with the PLC’s it is necessary to either edit or create the PLC program, a personal puter is usually(but not always)connected to it.(What is a PLC?)（P61）工廠的裝配線機(jī)械用一個(gè) PLC 就能操縱和監(jiān)控，過去需要數(shù)百的計(jì)時(shí)器和繼電器才能完成這項(xiàng)工作。當(dāng)有必要編輯或創(chuàng)建PLC程序時(shí)僅需將個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)（但不總是）連到 PLC 上。當(dāng)一個(gè)新模型脫離制圖板，熟練的電工被要求從裝生產(chǎn)線。它們也控制相連的馬達(dá)啟動(dòng)器、導(dǎo)航燈、閥門和許多其他裝置。(PLCs)are designed for realtime use, and often must withstand harsh environments on the shop programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the status of multiple sensor input, which control output actuators, which may be things like motor starters, solenoid, lights and displays, or valves.(What is a PLC?)（P62）PLC 被設(shè)計(jì)為實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用，常常必須經(jīng)受車間惡劣環(huán)境。 logic is essentially a Boolean logicsolving program with a graphical user interface designed to look like an elementary wiring diagram, familiar to all industrial electricians.(What is a PLC?)（P62）梯形邏輯本質(zhì)是一個(gè)具有圖形用戶界面的布爾邏輯處理程序，設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)所有的工業(yè)電氣師都熟悉的基本電氣線圖。閉環(huán)控制是一種方法，用這種方法可將被控過程的實(shí)時(shí)檢測持續(xù)地反饋給控制設(shè)備以確保期望值被實(shí)現(xiàn)。 is the machine element that supports a roller and wheel so that they can perform their basic functions of , made from round metal bars of various lengths and machined to dimension the surface, is used in a great variety of shapes and shafts carry loads and transmit power, they are subject to the stresses and strains of operating machine procedures have been evolved for determining the material characteristics and size requirements for safe and economical construction and operation.(Shafting)（P67）軸是能支撐滾子和輪子以完成最基本的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)械元件。軸因?yàn)槌休d和傳動(dòng)必經(jīng)受在工作的機(jī)器零件的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變。 in solid shafting, the shaft is stepped to allow greater strength in the middle portion with minimum diameter on the ends at the steps allow shoulders for positioning the various parts pressed onto the shaft during the rotor assembly.(Shafting)（P67）特別是實(shí)心軸，階梯軸允許中部有更大的強(qiáng)度，端部軸承處直徑最小。 or more pieces of shafting joined by couplings is used to transmit power from, for example, an engine to a remotely located single engine can drive many lines of shafting, which, in turn, connect in multiple fashions to process equipment operate on pulleys to transmit the torque from one line to another and from the shafting to the and couplings control the transfer of power from the delivery of power to the machines in a shop has generally been converted from line shafting to individual electric motor drives for each , in a modern processing plant, line shafting is obsolete.（P68）一個(gè)或多個(gè)傳動(dòng)軸件，由聯(lián)軸節(jié)接合，用來傳送能量形式，例如，一個(gè)引擎到遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)器。皮帶在滑輪上運(yùn)行，從一個(gè)軸系向另一個(gè)軸系傳遞扭矩，并從軸系傳遞給機(jī)器。把動(dòng)力傳遞給車間里的機(jī)器一般已從用傳動(dòng)軸系變成了用獨(dú)立的電動(dòng)馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)每臺(tái)機(jī)器。 widely in viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other properties, lubricants also offer a wide range of selection for the increasingly varied needs of modern whatever their derivation or properties, the purpose of lubricants is to replace dry friction with either thinfilm or fluidfilm friction, depending on the load, speed, or intermittent action of the moving lubrication, in which there is some contact between the moving parts, usually is specified where heavy loads are a factor.(Lubrication)（P76）潤滑劑在粘度、比重、蒸汽壓、沸點(diǎn)和其他特性廣泛不同，潤滑劑為現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的漸長的各種需求提供廣泛的選擇。薄膜潤滑是指移動(dòng)部件之間有部分接觸，通常特指的重載荷是一個(gè)影響因素。如果潤滑油膜的壓力是由外部源提供，則系統(tǒng)被稱為流體靜壓潤滑。第二種潤滑方法取決于潤滑劑的粘性。邊界潤滑在潤滑現(xiàn)象中占據(jù)相當(dāng)大的比重，并且通常發(fā)生在機(jī)器啟動(dòng)和制動(dòng)階段。然而，最好在構(gòu)造一個(gè)新設(shè)施或從新在設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)現(xiàn)有的設(shè)施之前理想規(guī)劃震動(dòng)控制，這可從長遠(yuǎn)利益上為車間節(jié)省許多費(fèi)用。 equipment manufacturers provide allowablevibration specifications for their machines, but most don’t, which makes choosing an isolator system key is knowing the amplitudes of vibration frequencies that harm reports this is where savvy panies call in a consultant or pany specializing in vibration protection.(Isolating Unwanted Vibration)（P95）部分設(shè)備制造商給機(jī)器提供震動(dòng)許用指標(biāo)，但多數(shù)不提供，這使得選擇隔離系統(tǒng)困難，關(guān)鍵是了解損害機(jī)械的震動(dòng)頻率的幅值。 specialists measure vibration with highly accurate instrumentation such as realtime signal devices capture raw data, without bias, for postprocessing and quantify amplitude and frequency of this data, the specialist remends the best isolation then conduct acceptance test measurements after installation to verify amplitudes and the resultant transmitted vibration.(Isolating Unwanted Vibration)（P95）這類專家用高精準(zhǔn)設(shè)備檢測震動(dòng)，如實(shí)時(shí)信號(hào)分析儀。用這些數(shù)據(jù)，專家推薦最佳的隔離方案。 tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself。這些與機(jī)器人手臂端部相連接的附件，能使機(jī)器人提起零件、點(diǎn)焊、噴漆、弧焊、鉆孔、去毛刺，還可以根據(jù)所提要求執(zhí)行各種類型的任務(wù)。機(jī)器人的工作單元是機(jī)器人須執(zhí)行其任務(wù)的總環(huán)境。為機(jī)器人完成該工作所需的所有設(shè)備被包括在該單元內(nèi)。 the end of the arm, a wrist is wrist is made up of addition axes and a wrist wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.（P136）在手臂的端部連接著一個(gè)手腕。該手腕法蘭允許機(jī)器人用戶根據(jù)不同的工作在手腕連接不同的工具。如果組件就處于平衡狀態(tài),由此而來的各種外力將會(huì)為零,但盡管如此,它們共同作用部件的載荷易于使部件變形同時(shí)在材料里面產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的內(nèi)力。負(fù)荷根據(jù)相應(yīng)時(shí)間的不同可分為:(a)靜態(tài)負(fù)荷是一種在相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)逐步達(dá)到平衡的