【正文】 —a with product innovation as a centralfacet of the firm39。smandate for its new product program?” This usuallytranslates into: is this the kind of market, product, andtechnology that we as a pany have decided is fair game forus? Without a definition of fair game—arenas—good luck intrying to make an effective screening decision!The definition of arenas also guides resource and certain markets are designated top priority arenas,then the firm can acquire resources, skills, and knowledge tobe better able to attack those , if certaintechnologies are singled out as arenas, the firm can hire andacquire resources to bolster its abilities in those building doesn39。t buy asalesforce on a moment39。and one can39。s the Evidence?The argument for a PIC, although logical, appears can39。s the evidence in support of aPIC? There isn39。s entire new studies that have looked at firms39。s study of new product practicesin corporations found that “successful paniesare more mitted to growth through new productsdeveloped internally”。D spending and product quality level weretwo of many strategy variables considered in thesestudies, and both were found to be closely connected toprofitability(although detractors of the studies argueabout direction of causality).the kind of market, product, andtechnology that we as a pany have decided is fair game forus? Without a definition of fair game—arenas—good luck intrying to make an effective screening decision!The definition of arenas also guides resource and certain markets are designated top priority arenas,then the firm can acquire resources, skills, and knowledge tobe better able to attack those , if certaintechnologies are singled out as arenas, the firm can hire andacquire resources to bolster its abilities in those building doesn39。t buy asalesforce on a moment39。and one can39。s the Evidence?The argument for a PIC, although logical, appears can39。s the evidence in support of aPIC? There isn39。s entire new studies that have looked at firms39。s study of new product practicesin corporations found that “successful paniesare more mitted to growth through new productsdeveloped internally”。D spending and product quality level weretwo of many strategy variables considered in thesestudies, and both were found to be closely connected toprofitability(although detractors of the studies argueabout direction of causality).the kind of market, product, andtechnology that we as a pany have decided is fair game forus? Without a definition of fair game—arenas—good luck intrying to make an effective screening decision!The definition of arenas also guides resource and certain markets are designated top priority arenas,then the firm can acquire resources, skills, and knowledge tobe better able to attack those , if certaintechnologies are singled out as arenas, the firm can hire andacquire resources to bolster its abilities in those building doesn39。t buy asalesforce on a moment39。and one can39。s the Evidence?The argument for a PIC, although logical, appears can39。s the evidence in support of aPIC? There isn39。s entire new studies that have looked at firms39。s study of new product practicesin corporations found that “successful paniesare more mitted to growth through new productsdeveloped internally”。D spending and product quality level weretwo of many strategy variables considered in thesestudies, and both were found to be closely connected toprofitability(although detractors of the studies argueabout direction of causality).From:Ieetransactions on engineering management,August 2011第二篇：1300外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯Agricultural Land and Regulation in the Transition Economy of Russia Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。 Michael Kazmin2。國(guó)際大西洋經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)2015。L33。Q00 本研究報(bào)告探討了俄羅斯農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)換與現(xiàn)有土地規(guī)制之間的關(guān)系。由于市場(chǎng)力量繼續(xù)滲透經(jīng)濟(jì)，在地方土地利用規(guī)劃和管理方面顯然存在管理和法律問(wèn)題，妨礙了更有效地利用土地。我們獨(dú)特的數(shù)據(jù)集包含社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口和空間。通過(guò)對(duì)該數(shù)據(jù)集的計(jì)量分析，探討了在聯(lián)立方程框架下，耕地?cái)?shù)量、其評(píng)估值、私有化耕地占比、農(nóng)地稅和土地利用區(qū)劃之間的關(guān)系。農(nóng)田交易是有限的，部分原因是土地產(chǎn)權(quán)的不確定性揮之不去。我們的莫斯科地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，私有化耕地和耕地面積的比例之間存在著強(qiáng)烈的正相關(guān)關(guān)系，盡管單獨(dú)和集體私有化耕地的比例僅為57%。因此，農(nóng)地占用的面積一直在穩(wěn)步下降，質(zhì)量也在不斷惡化。由于缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)和足夠的知識(shí)，地方政府只能依靠前蘇聯(lián)提供的土地保護(hù)政策。然而，強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展壓力和廣泛的腐敗往往會(huì)消滅分區(qū)制的理想效果。在人口增長(zhǎng)方面。這標(biāo)志著一個(gè)管理問(wèn)題，也許可以通過(guò)引進(jìn)更靈活的分區(qū)和增加地方政府的責(zé)任范圍和土地的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)來(lái)解決。農(nóng)業(yè)土地稅計(jì)算時(shí)的評(píng)估價(jià)值的百分比農(nóng)田,這通常是低于其實(shí)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)值,當(dāng)?shù)卣l(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不感興趣或增加農(nóng)業(yè)用地基地,因?yàn)樗麄儗o(wú)法獲得任何重大稅收優(yōu)惠。根據(jù)我們對(duì)莫斯科地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)，雖然地方傾向于征收最高允許的稅率，但地方預(yù)算的土地稅收收入的平均份額僅為5%。由于土地價(jià)值被低估而導(dǎo)致的地方土地稅收不顯著，導(dǎo)致地方基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資不足，進(jìn)一步抑制了農(nóng)田價(jià)值，加快了土地流轉(zhuǎn)。耕地?cái)?shù)量和現(xiàn)有土地政策之間缺失的聯(lián)系可能使這些政策不僅無(wú)效，甚至是浪費(fèi)。在解決地方問(wèn)題上日益依賴(lài)地方治理，將意味著改善土地利用和公共財(cái)政規(guī)劃，也許還會(huì)減緩農(nóng)地轉(zhuǎn)換的趨勢(shì)。在間接熱沖壓過(guò)程的情況下，生產(chǎn)性能與適應(yīng)車(chē)身部件，冷卻路徑造成擴(kuò)散和擴(kuò)散控制的相變。計(jì)算的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變狀態(tài)正確，它是必要的模型的擴(kuò)散和擴(kuò)散控制的相變現(xiàn)象，考慮到間接熱沖壓過(guò)程的邊界條件。工業(yè)用新方法在有限元程序LSDYNA 971實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞： 核鋼穩(wěn)壓器 壓水反應(yīng)堆 反應(yīng)堆壓力容器 結(jié)構(gòu)完整性 焊接韌性SA508鋼通常用于民用核反應(yīng)堆的關(guān)鍵部件，如反應(yīng)堆壓力容器。在這種探索性的研究，為第一時(shí)間，自體激光焊接6毫米厚的進(jìn)行SA508 。基于移動(dòng)體熱的三維瞬態(tài)模型源模型也發(fā)展到模擬激光焊接熱循環(huán)，以估計(jì)冷卻速率的過(guò)程。反應(yīng)堆壓力容器的壽命和安全運(yùn)行（RPV），這是核電站中最關(guān)鍵的部件之一。具有較高強(qiáng)度，韌性和抗輻照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的發(fā)電容量和核電廠的設(shè)計(jì)壽命[ 1 ]，[ 2 ]，[ 3 ]，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，[ 7 ]，[ 8 ]和[ 6 ]。無(wú)人機(jī)是采用焊接厚環(huán)形鍛件或SA508鋼板在一起。而電弧焊接技術(shù)以及建立這些組件，在高功率激光器的可用性增加，能夠以較高的焊接速度，減少焊接變形中厚截面鋼，（GTAW）和埋弧焊（SAW）[ 13 ]、[ 14 ]和[ 15 ]。N et al.?的[ 14 ]研究評(píng)估應(yīng)力釋放在HAZ裂紋敏感性， kJ /毫米的熱輸入焊接140毫米厚的SA508 2級(jí)鋼。[ 16 ]報(bào)道常規(guī)看到3 kJ /毫米每通過(guò)一個(gè)熱輸入SA 508級(jí)3鋼的焊接。[ 13 ]發(fā)現(xiàn)，多通過(guò)SA533B鋼埋弧焊接，焊縫金屬的熱影響區(qū)寬度，分別為26和12毫米，分別?？梢钥闯?，這些傳統(tǒng)的焊接技術(shù)相比，激光焊接一般采用較高的熱輸入，這會(huì)增加熱影響區(qū)寬度和焊后導(dǎo)致更大的扭曲和較高的殘余應(yīng)力。與傳統(tǒng)的焊接技術(shù)相比，激光焊接具有其自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)，高功率密度等，以及相關(guān)的能力，具有窄的熱影響區(qū)做一個(gè)窄的焊縫，采用較低的熱輸入和焊接速度高，達(dá)到較低水平的殘余應(yīng)力和變形，同時(shí)消耗更少的填充材料[ 18 ]和[ 19 ]。這種特性使得激光焊接適合生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的焊縫，所需的核環(huán)境。張等。elmesalamy等人。盡管如此，沒(méi)有被報(bào)道在SA508鋼激光焊接特性。冷卻速率在不同的子區(qū)域?qū)⒋_定相變發(fā)生在連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變組合焊接過(guò)程中（CCT）在調(diào)查中對(duì)鋼圖。然而，熱電偶只能測(cè)量離散點(diǎn)的溫度歷史。有限元建模是一種替代的方法，在焊接過(guò)程中的熱循環(huán)調(diào)查。自體GTA焊接的開(kāi)展提供這種鋼的激光焊接的基準(zhǔn)?；谝苿?dòng)體積熱源模型模擬也進(jìn)行了量化的焊接熱循環(huán)對(duì)微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的變化在自體激光焊接在SA508鋼的影響。驗(yàn)證的模型，然后用于預(yù)測(cè)的激光焊接的熱歷史。2。SA508條款3鋼的化學(xué)成分如表1。根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[ 22 ]計(jì)算調(diào)查的鋼的CE，并給出：從表1看出，SA508 CE 。根據(jù)鈴木?的連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變曲線（CCT）508級(jí)3圖。AC1和Ac3溫度約700176。C，分別。標(biāo)本機(jī)械拋光和蝕刻在2%硝酸溶液。細(xì)小的析出物由不同的研究人員已經(jīng)確定，他們是M7C3和M23C6 [ 6 ]、[ 12 ]和[ 24 ]。自體激光焊接材料的尺寸大約是6毫米，100毫米和50毫米手動(dòng)自體GTA焊接約2毫米50毫米100毫米。光束參數(shù)乘積為10毫米毫弧度的處理纖維300μ米直徑。分別。激光焊接的示意圖如圖所示。在焊接前，樣品被噴砂去除氧化物層。自體激光焊接和點(diǎn)焊進(jìn)行。焊接接頭的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)和焊縫的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)是利用光學(xué)金相顯微鏡檢查（KEYENCE vhx500f）和飛利浦XL 30掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）。在焊縫的顯微硬度分布進(jìn)行測(cè)量，分別位于頂部，在激光焊接接頭的宏觀截面中部和底部，并在焊接在板厚中間位置為手動(dòng)GTA焊接接頭。三測(cè)量每個(gè)縮進(jìn)以最小化誤差進(jìn)行。對(duì)接收的母材和焊接試樣的靜態(tài)拉伸強(qiáng)度評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)本根據(jù)ASTM E8M04產(chǎn)生。缺口位于熔合區(qū)，以測(cè)試激光焊接樣品的焊接金屬的韌性。每一個(gè)測(cè)試是重復(fù)的三個(gè)單獨(dú)的