【正文】 城召開，喬治?華盛頓為領導人1776年，湯瑪斯?杰佛遜起草獨立宣言1783年，巴黎條約簽署treaty of paris，英國承認美國獨立。林肯有名的葛底斯堡演說gettysburg address“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” 1865年，第13修正案終結了奴隸制。條約的生效標志著美國在蘇聯(lián)周圍建立軍事聯(lián)盟的開端。1950s民權運動the civil rights movement 羅莎?帕克Rosa Parks,一位黑人女性，阿拉巴馬，她拒絕給白人讓座，被捕。1956年，最高法院宣布阿拉巴馬州的segregation laws unconstitutional。1973年美國和北越南north vietnam簽署?；饏f(xié)議，ceasefire agreement。美國橫插一腳，支持北方，搞了25年，最終還是南方的社會主義勝利，統(tǒng)一了全國。因為越南戰(zhàn)爭，美國國力下降，社會分歧，形象下降。由于此事，尼克松于1974年8月8日宣布將于次日辭職，從而成為美國歷史上首位辭職的總統(tǒng)。1979年，中美建交。共有7個articles。參議院100人，每個州來兩人，眾議院基于每個州的人口比例設立席位。唯有最高法院有權解釋憲法。憲法修正案provisions for amendment 前十條憲法修正案稱為bill of rights權利和自由法案*************************************************************************** 加拿大概況首都：渥太華Ottawa, 最大?。嚎笨薗uebec 第一大城市：多倫多，2：蒙特利爾，3：溫哥華，4：渥太華 世界最大漁業(yè)出口國 國家元首：伊麗莎白二世總督：履行女王職務governor general，實際政府領導人：總理prime minister 立法：議會立法parliament，議會由兩部分組成senate（總督任命）和house of mons（根據(jù)人口），和美國類似，法律要兩院通過，最后總督簽字。在語言或一門語言中，對有關其分類和模式以及為大家所默認的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學,音系學: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are bined to form grammatical ，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學科: The study or science of meaning in language ，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學 :首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are pared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻,一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導的短語中，如 “我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit parison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world39。: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of shortlived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other 、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基本由存在時間很短的派生詞和修辭構成，它們被故意地用來取代標準的詞語以達到生動、幽默、無禮或其它效果 Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or ，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語，尤指用作集團或運動的口號的用語。for example, the initial sounds of child and ；例如 child和 joy的第一個音Also called: Fair名利場 was written William Makepeace Thackray Armstrong was the first person to walk on the Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯 title of the national anthem國歌 of Canada is O 。,在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關系中；取消種族隔離 majority of Frenchspeaking Canadians live in Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible : any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another音位，音素,語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b:一詞多義 saint：保護圣徒,守護神:父母語 formation:逆構詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構成新詞 typewriter→ typewrite : Any of the variant forms of a example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural ,語素的一種變體形式，如語音學的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復數(shù)語素的語素變體.第四篇：英語國家概況名詞解釋Terms: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level referred to as Alevel, It is a British general secondary education certificate examination’ advanced courses, is the British national curriculum system, and the students of the university entrance exam : The Bible is the holy book of consists of two Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the ing of much shorter New Testament contains four accounts(“gospel”)of the life of Christ, followed by the writings of the early Christians, of whom St Paul was the :White AngloSaxon Protestant of the original meaning is to point to the United States in power elite group and its culture, customs and moral behavior standard, can now be referring to the European American Protestant group has a huge economic and political power, American society and for the most part of the upper middle the increasingly diverse American society, but their cultural, moral and value orientation is to a great extent, affects the development of the United Day: monly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great street:Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eightblocklong, miles( km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower time, the term has bee a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New Yorkbased financial Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world39。s principal financial :is a district in the central region of Los Angeles, California, in the United is notable for its place as the home of the entertainment industry, including several of its historic name has e to represent the motion picture industry of the United is also a highly ethnically diverse, densely populated, economically diverse neighborhood and retail business was a small munity in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in merged with the City of Los Angeles in 1910, and soon thereafter a film industry began to emerge, eventually being dominant in the Fathers: is a name monly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony inpresentday Plymouth, Massachusetts, United leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th–17th century Holland in the with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North Charter:Magna Carta(Latin for Great Charter), also called Magna Carta Libertatum or T