【正文】 所編著 .人造板生產(chǎn)手冊 ,北京 。中國林業(yè)出版社 [7]（德） ,楊炳國譯 .木材學(xué)與木材工藝學(xué)原理（人造板），北京 。再也不是以 20 世紀(jì) 20～ 40 年代發(fā)展起來的機(jī)械學(xué)科自身的成就 ―― 凸輪及其它機(jī)械為基礎(chǔ)，采用專用機(jī)床、夾具、刀具、量具組成的流水式生產(chǎn)線 ―― 剛性自動化。目前，我國機(jī)械制造業(yè)中，一些國營企業(yè)虧損，產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)外市場上缺乏競爭力，產(chǎn)品大量積壓，除與經(jīng)營管理體制有關(guān)外，與企業(yè)設(shè)備陳舊、工程技術(shù)人員知識老化有很大關(guān)系。 ? 制造技術(shù)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的支柱 ?在 20 世紀(jì)末的 1999 年第 46 屆國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會(CIRP)年會上，該屆年會主席 ―― 日本學(xué)者吉川教授在報告中指出，世界上各發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)上的競爭，主要是制造技術(shù)的競爭。這些國家和地區(qū)十分重視將世界各國高新技術(shù)專利買回來，通過制造技術(shù)，形成獨(dú)、特、高的產(chǎn)品，率先占領(lǐng)世界市場。 機(jī)械制造業(yè)必須領(lǐng)先信息 科學(xué)、材料科學(xué)來改造自己；另一方面，信息科學(xué)、材料科學(xué)也必須依賴于制造技術(shù)來取得新的發(fā)展。 美、日等國的專家已將制造科學(xué)與信息科學(xué)、材料科學(xué)、生物科學(xué)一起列為當(dāng)今時代四大支柱科學(xué)。為此，美國政府已批準(zhǔn)將先進(jìn)制造計劃列為 1996 年國家預(yù)算唯一重點(diǎn)支持的科技領(lǐng)域，這已引起美國、日本、歐洲在制造技術(shù)上新一輪的競爭。它已經(jīng)不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的機(jī)械制造，即所謂的機(jī)械加工。 檢測技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代機(jī)械制造技術(shù)發(fā)展的根本保證自動化生產(chǎn)中的許多信息需要通過檢測來提供，生產(chǎn)中出現(xiàn)的各種故障要通過檢測去發(fā)現(xiàn)和防止，所需要的精度也要靠檢測來保證。 在本屆年會上，幾篇有關(guān) “裝配系統(tǒng)的新發(fā)展 ”論文中均強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，為適應(yīng)柔性自動化的需要，機(jī)器人必須有視覺系統(tǒng)，能 對裝配件的形體與姿態(tài)進(jìn)行識別，應(yīng)裝有位置與觸覺傳感器，進(jìn)行精確定位與抓握力的控制，自動導(dǎo)引車也應(yīng)有視覺或聲發(fā)射傳感器，以發(fā)現(xiàn)行進(jìn)中可能遇到的障礙物。在 “激光加工中的傳感器 ”一文中指出，激光加工本哈爾 濱遠(yuǎn)東理工學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 25 身是一種 “盲過程 ”，它只加工一個點(diǎn)，為了獲得所需形狀，需要通過檢測來控制，激光加工是一種侵蝕過程，其形態(tài)需要通過傳感器檢測和控制。在本屆年會上，有許多論文均著重指出：越是柔性化的過程，越需 要傳感器。沒有可靠的檢測就沒有現(xiàn)代化與自動化，更沒有高效率和高質(zhì)量。在 “激光加工的傳 感器 ”和 “表面粗糙度與表面形貌學(xué) ”兩篇論文中，則完全以檢測為主線來進(jìn)行討論。激光加工之所以能實(shí)現(xiàn)，關(guān)鍵在于傳感器。 當(dāng)前機(jī)械制造業(yè)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)是高新技術(shù)的綜合利用許多工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的學(xué)者、專家在談到生產(chǎn)過程柔性化、敏捷化、智能化、信息化時，都指出機(jī)械制造工程師應(yīng)掌握和 綜合利用工程數(shù)學(xué)、激光學(xué)、激光電子技術(shù)、計算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制論、生物學(xué)、材料科學(xué)、管理科學(xué)、人文科學(xué)等高新技術(shù)，這些科學(xué)將改變著機(jī)械制造的面貌，而機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展又為這些科學(xué)提供新的工具，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)這些科學(xué)的發(fā)展。人類不僅要擺脫繁重的體力勞動，而且還要從繁瑣的計算、分析等腦力勞動中解放出來，以便有更多的精力從事高層次的創(chuàng)造性勞動。 21 世紀(jì)初，產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代將不斷加快，各種各樣的需要不斷增加。 80％～ 88％的活動不直接增加產(chǎn)品附加值，產(chǎn)品工藝 過程、組織管理日益復(fù)雜化。另一方面，在激烈的市場競爭中，供貨期與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量往往起著比價格更為重要的作用。在技術(shù)上要實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性化，在生產(chǎn)組織上要實(shí)現(xiàn)變革，這些都是機(jī)械制造企業(yè)刻不容緩的大事； (4)信息化：機(jī)械制造業(yè)將不再是由物質(zhì)和能量借助于信息的力量生產(chǎn)出價值，而是由借助于物質(zhì)和能量的力量生產(chǎn)出價值。機(jī)械制造也將是由信息主導(dǎo)的，并采用先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)模式、先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)、先 進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和先進(jìn)組織管理方式的全新的機(jī)械制造業(yè)。 進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代，在國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會年會上，每屆都有大量關(guān)于并行工程(Concurrent Engineering)、精益生產(chǎn) (Lean Production)、及時生產(chǎn) (Aqiling Production)等方面的論文。 哈爾 濱遠(yuǎn)東理工學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 27 附錄 B The early 21st century, machinery manufacturing industry is characterized by the development of modern hightech utilization, the trend is four modernizations: the 了 flexible, agile, intelligent, and information technology. Is no longer in the 20th century, 20 to 40 years developed a mechanical discipline its success and other mechanical cambased, using special tools, fixtures, cutting tools, measuring the position of the flowtype production line rigid automation. The disadvantage is that rigid automation seriously affect the upgrading of products and impede the adoption of hightech products unpetitive in the international market. At present, China39。s machinery manufacturing industry, it is necessary to reunderstanding of machinery manufacturing industry, understand the current international machinery manufacturing and machinery manufacturing industry in early 21st century, the characteristics and future trends. Manufacturing technology is the backbone of economic development in the 20th century in 1999 the 46th International Production Engineering (CIRP) annual meeting, the annual meeting of the President Professor Yoshikawa Japanese scholars report that the advanced industrial countries in the world economic petition, mainly manufacturing technology petition. Business productivity in various countries of the position, manufacturing technology, the role of the general account for 55% ~ 65%, Japan and Asia39。 the other hand, information science, materials science, must also rely on manufacturing technology to achieve new development. For example, in the development of puters, the most crucial issue is the high density largescale integrated circuits and memory device production, they are dependent on manufacturing technology development. The United States, Japan and other countries experts have manufacturing science and information science, materials science, biological science together with as the four pillars of the contemporary era of science. The United States due to the lack of manufacturing in recent years, the importance of science, so many of their products unpetitive. To this end, the . government has approved the Advanced Manufacturing Program in 1996 as the sole focus of the 哈爾 濱遠(yuǎn)東理工學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 28 national budget to support scientific and technological areas, which has caused the United States, Japan, and Europe in the new round of petition in manufacturing technology. To reunderstanding of mechanical manufacturing industry, still contains another sense. It is not in the traditional sense of the machinery, the socalled machining. It is a mechanical, electronic, optical, information science, materials science, biological science, laser science, management and the latest achievements in integrating a new technology and new industries. Detection technology is the development of modern machine manufacturing technology a fundamental guarantee for automated production in much of the information through testing to provide production of various failures appear to be discovered through detection and prevention, the need to rely on detection accuracy is also guaranteed. There is no reliable test would be no modernization and automation, not to mention high efficiency and quality. In this annual meeting, the few articles about the new developments in assembly systems, in both papers stressed that in order to meet the needs of flexible automation, robot vision system must be able to install parts of the body and gestures to identify, should be installed There location and tactile sensors, precise positioning and grip force control, automatic guided vehicles should also be visual or acoustic emission sensors to detect moving obstacles may be encountered. In the Laser processing of sensor and surface roughness and surface morphology study two papers, is entirely in order to detect the main line to be discussed. In the Laser processing of sensor, a paper that Laser processing is a kind of blind