【正文】 iness failed due to poor profit and sold to a Japanese Company Assign corporate quality offices 1980 Corporate movement “ Great Quality Awakening” program 1981 Focus on Quality and Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) ? 6 ? History (2) Establish Motorola Training Education Center 1981 Launch Quality System Review (QSR) program 1982 5 years, 10Quality improvement goal set 6? theory and concept initialized 1986 Bill Smith Mikel Harry presented the idea to CEO Galvin ? 6 ? History (3) Quantitative Operation Quality Initiative 1987 Motorola Texas Instrument Businesswide Strategic Management 1995 Nokia, GE, Allied Signal, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sony, Whirlpool, Honeywell, Boeing, Dupont ? 6 ? Innovation Modeling ? (3ccustomer, petitor, pany) ? (3eexcitation, employment, entertainment) ? (3pproduct, process, person) Innovation Box Change of Business Situation (3C) Object (3P) Method (3E) Purpose . Profit . SkillUp ? The Many Aspects of 6 ? Tool Symbol Metric Method Value Goal Vision Benchmark Philosophy ? 6 ? as a MetricThe high level of sigma, the lower the probability of producing a defect. Spec. Limit Target Limit Some Chance of Defect ? 3 ? Spec. Limit Target Limit Much Less Chance of Defect ? 6 ? ? 6 ? as a Metric 1 691,500 2 308,537 3 66,807 4 6,210 5 233 6 (Shifted ?) From 3? process to 6? process: about 20,000 times improvement 6? DPMO ? 如何 6 ? 導(dǎo)入 ? 一般來(lái)說(shuō)， 從 3 ? 到 4 ? 階段 ，是企業(yè)可以自行改善的範(fàn)圍 ，但這樣的品質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)並沒(méi)有辦法讓企業(yè)變得很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力； ? 從 4 ? 到 5 ? 階段 ，就必須找尋可以 學(xué)習(xí)的標(biāo)竿企業(yè) (Benchmarking)，當(dāng)成比較與學(xué)習(xí)的對(duì)象； 而 5 ? 到 6 ? 階段時(shí)，品質(zhì)就已經(jīng)不是製造出來(lái)的，而是設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的 (DFSSDesign for Six Sigma)。 Work Breakdown Tool ? D1 Validate Business Opportunity。 ? VOC, VOB, QFD ? D3 Project Planning。 GE公司未來(lái)都要在其中一個(gè)圓圈內(nèi)。圓圈外的的事業(yè)將被整頓、關(guān)閉或出售。 ? Define Steps (3) Select Target Product/Service Analysis Business Process Analysis Core Process Identify Customer Listen to VOC Specify Customer Requirement Select CTQ (Big Y) Specify CTQ (Small Y) Evaluate Potential Projects Select Project Build Effective Team ? Define Steps (4) ? CTQ Critical to Quality ? 只要是顧客要求的 ， 就是關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)(CTQ)。 CTQ係任何會(huì)直接影響顧客對(duì)產(chǎn)品 /服務(wù)品質(zhì)觀感之因素 。 『 新點(diǎn)子 』 要採(cǎi)納『 外部觀點(diǎn) 』 (Outsidein Perspective)，即從顧客的眼光來(lái)看企業(yè)或組織的一切 。 Work Breakdown Tool ? M1 Specify Project。 ? Measurement System Analysis, Gage RR ? M3 Identify Sigma Level。 ? Anything that results in nonconformance) ? DPO: Defect per Opportunity ? DPMO: Defect per Million Opportunities ? Example of Sigma calculation: Discrete Data ? Case (1): Over the last several years, you have collected data on trips to the airport. Of the 100 trips sampled, you have missed only 5 flights. If you indicate this situation as Sigma level, what will it be? ? Sol. DPU = DPO =5/100 = ? = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = Case (2). An accounting term conducted an internal audit for the financial report of year 2023 and they observed 25 nonconforming record. There were 2 steps of probable incorrect entry identified in the process and the total observation was 25,000 records. What is DPO? What is DPMO? What is Sigma level of financial reporting process? ? Sol. DPU = 25/25000, DPO = 25/(2*25000) =, DPMO = *10^6 =2023 ? 1 = , Z = ? ? level = Z + = + = ? Example of Sigma calculation: ? Continuous Data(1) 1 ? Mean Median Mode 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 + ? ? Normal Distribution with mean = 100 and std. = 10 ? Continuous Data(2) (1) Mathematical Model； (2) Continuous； (3) Smooth；(4) Symmetrical。 Work Breakdown Tool ? A1 Set up Improvement Goal。 ? Pareto, Brainstorming, Cause Effect Diagram, Logic Tree ? A3 Verify Potential Causes。 Work Breakdown Tool ? I1 Identify Vital Few。 ? Optimizing DOE(RSM), Solution Selection Matrix ? I3 Set Up Operating Window。 Work Breakdown Tool ? C1 Identify Control Capability。 ? Control Plan, Control Chart ? C3 Link to Management System。 , March 23, 2023 ? 雨中黃葉樹(shù)，燈下白頭人。 :07:0712:07Mar2323Mar23 ? 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 :07:0712:07:07March 23, 2023 ? 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國(guó)見(jiàn)青山。 。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 12時(shí) 7分 7秒 12:07:0723 March 2023 ? 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時(shí)，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 , March 23, 2023 ? 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒(méi)有。 :07:0712:07Mar2323Mar23 ? 1世間成事，不求其絕對(duì)圓滿，留一份不足，可得無(wú)限完美。 :07:0712:07:07March 23, 2023 ? 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 12時(shí) 7分 7秒 12:07:0723 March 2023 ? 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來(lái)秋。 , March 23, 2023 ? 閱讀一切好書(shū)如同和過(guò)去最杰出的人談話。 :07:0712:07Mar2323Mar23 ? 1越是無(wú)能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。勝人者有力，自勝者強(qiáng)。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 下午 12時(shí) 7分 7秒 12:07: ? 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過(guò)于提升自我。 2023年 3月 23日星期四 12時(shí) 7分 7秒 12:07:0723 March 2023 ? 1一個(gè)人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要