【正文】
(轉(zhuǎn)輪 ) 積體電路 ? 積體電路可以分為以下幾類: – 小規(guī)模積體電路 ( SSI 英文全名為 SmallScale Integration, 幾十個 邏輯閘 以內(nèi) )。 – 中規(guī)模積體電路 ( MSI 英文全名為 MediumScale Integration, 幾百個邏輯閘)。 – 超大規(guī)模積體電路 ( VLSI 英文全名為 Verylargescale integration, 幾十萬個邏輯閘以上)。 ? Early puting devices – Gearbased machines (1600s1800s) ? Positions of gears represent numbers ? Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage (progression of flexibility) ? Blaise Pascal – 16231662,France – Pascal Machine ? Addition algorithm ? Charles Babbage’ s Machine (17921871) – Print output values on paper – Programmable ? His assistant Augusta Ada Byron is often identified today as the world’ s first programmer. – Punched Card ? Idea from Jacquard Loom in 1801 The London Science Museum39。s son, using parts found in his laboratory. Punched Cards ? Early data storage: punched cards – First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth – Stored programs in Babbage’ s Analytical Engine – Popular through the 1970’ s Jacquard Loom Jacquard Loom Punched Cards Early puters ? Based on mechanical relays (繼電器 ) – 1940: Model K: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories – 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard ? Based on vacuum tubes (真空管 ) – 19371941: AtanasoffBerry Computer (ABC) at Iowa State ? The first “ puter” , NO CPU, DRAM – 1940s: Colossus: secret German codebreaker ? Decode German messages during the latter part of World War II – 1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly Eckert at U. of Penn. Mark I, ASCC ? Howard Aiken, IBM at Harvard, 1944 – ASCC是由開關(guān)、 繼電器 、轉(zhuǎn)軸以及 離合器 所構(gòu)成。 – 重達(dá) 4500公斤。 – 馬可一號可以儲存 72組數(shù)據(jù),每組數(shù)據(jù)有 23位十進(jìn)位數(shù)字。一個乘法則須 6秒,一個除法須 ,計算一個對數(shù)或是一個三角函數(shù)需花費(fèi)超過一分鐘。 The Mark I puter 電腦的演進(jìn) ? 1642巴斯卡加法器 ? 1804法國織布工人查卡得發(fā)明能用不同打孔卡片自動來編織圖案的織布機(jī) ? 1822英國劍橋大學(xué)的巴貝奇發(fā)明 差分機(jī) ,可做簡單的四則運(yùn)算 ? 1833巴貝奇 建造分析機(jī)失敗,但分析機(jī)構(gòu)想已具有今日電腦的基本結(jié)構(gòu),巴貝奇因而有「電腦之父」的尊稱。 ? 1981美國 IBM公司推出個人電腦,稱為 IBM PC:採開放性硬體系統(tǒng)架構(gòu),造成 IBM相容型電腦的大量生產(chǎn)。 Kilobyte = 210 = 1024 ? “ Mega” normally means 1,000,000。 Megabyte = 230 = 1,073,741,824 Mass Storage Systems ? Nonvolat