【正文】 with strongwilled heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resorted to symbolic methods, with the active romanticists, symbolic pictures represent a vague ideal of some future society。 as is the sense of primitive mystery rediscovered in the Celtic bardic verse of *Macpherson39。Ossian39。 [Foreign sources were also vital: *Goethe39。 the ghostly ballads of Burger (*Lenore, 1773)。 and the philosophical criticism of A. W. *Schlegel.]3) The tone of Romanticism was shaped by the naked emotionalism of *Rousseau39。Imagination39。The Romantics saw and felt things brilliantly afresh. They were strenuous walkers, hillclimbers, seabathers, or riverlovers.organic39。s *Prelude or J. M. W. *Turner39。 In their critical writings and lectures they described poetry and drama with new psychological appreciation (the character of Hamlet, for example)。 5) The second generation of Romanticists absorbed these tumultuous influences, wrote swiftly, travelled widely (Greece, Switzerland, Italy), and died prematurely: their lifestories and letters became almost as important for Romanticism as their poetry. They in turn inspired autobiographical prosewriters such as *Hazlitt, *De Quincey, and *Lamb。 sense of Liberty also helped the emergence of an influential generation of women writers, and later the *Bronte sisters.RealismRealism is a literary term which is so widely used as to be more or less meaningless except when used in contradistinction to some other movement, such as Naturalism, Expressionism, Surrealism. The original definition of realism by Sir P. Harvey was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life (especially when they are gloomy). Realism has been chiefly concerned with the monplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic plications.Realisms social plays. Later writers felt that realism laid too much emphasis on external reality. Many, notably Henry James, turned to a psychological realism that closely examined the plex workings of the mind (stream of consciousness).The French realist school of the mid19th cent. stressed sincerity as opposed to the liberty proclaimed by the Romantics。 subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lowerclass life. This emphasis clearly reflected the interests of an increasingly positivist and scientific age. French Realism developed into Naturalism, an associated but more scientifically applied and elaborated doctrine, seen by some later critics (notably Marxist critics) as degenerate.George Eliot introduced realism into England (William Dean Howells 18371920 introduced it into the United States). In England, the French realists were imitated consciously and notably by George Augustus Moore (18521933) and Arnold Bennett (18671931), but the English novel from the time of Defoe had had its own unlabelled strain of realism, and the term is thus applied to English literature in varying senses and contexts, sometimes qualified as social or psychological realism etc.Realism in Literature　　Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Although realism is not limited to any one century or group of writers, it is most often associated with the literary movement in 19thcentury France, specifically with the French novelists. Realism has been chiefly concerned with the monplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes, where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic plications. In the drama, realism is most closely associated with social plays. 　　The original definition of realism was 39。 (Sir P. Harvey) that would seem to indicate such postFrenchrealist works, most of which have proletarian or lowerclass settings. The French realist school of the mid19 cent. stressed 39。 as opposed to the 39。 proclaimed by the Romantics。 and the subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lowerclass life. This emphasis clearly reflected the interests of an increasingly positivist and scientific age. [French Realism developed into Naturalism, an associated but more scientifically applied and elaborated doctrine, seem by some later critics (notably Marxist critics) as degenerate.]　　George Eliot introduced realism into England, and William Dean Howells introduced it into the United States. Later writers felt that realism laid too much emphasis on external reality. Many, notably Henry James, turned to a psychological realism that closely examined the plex workings of the mind.　　In England, the French realists were imitated consciously and notably by George Edward Moore (18731958) and Arnold Bennett 18671931), but the English novel from the time of Defoe (18th cent.) had had its own unlabelled strain of realism, and the term is thus applied to English literature in varying senses and contexts, sometimes qualified as 39。 or Psychological39。 he must logically be optimistic about the future。 the agnostic may be indifferent to, or pessimistic, regarding the future, while exceedingly satisfied with life as he finds it. This plex view of life is exemplified by Plato, whose general theory of idealism is entirely optimistic. In analysing the world of phenomena he necessarily takes a pessimistic view because phenomena are merely imitations more or less removed from reality, . from the good. Yet the idealistic postulate of a summum bonum is in result optimistic, and this view predominated among the Stoics and the NeoPlatonist. The Epicureans, on the other hand, were empirical pessimists. Man is able to derive a measure of enjoyment from life in spite of the nonexistence of the orthodox gods。s thought. The universe is merely blind Will, not thought。s doctrine of the Unconscious is in many respects similar to Schopenhauer