【正文】 （6）我們懂得了語言的威力并學(xué)會(huì)了更善于傾聽：沒有面部表情、身體語言或外表長(zhǎng)相的干擾，數(shù)字文化的成員已學(xué)會(huì)了詞語的威力…，包括他們自己的和他人的詞語。多數(shù)富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)成員已經(jīng)修煉成為語言大師，他們慎重地措詞，準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)自己的意思以避免被人誤解。我們不但要更慎重地斟詞酌句，我們（尤其是那些通過電子郵件而不是聊天室交流的人）還必須等待，等待他人結(jié)束后我們才能說話或者回答。(no more...than)He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.2. 至于她的父親，她不敢肯定是否會(huì)接收她和她的小孩。(undermine)Staying up late will undermine one39。(convey) The ambassador personally conveyed the president39。(open up)The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.第3課文1)If it doesn’t have a copyright notice, it’s not copyrighted.” This was true in the past, but today almost all major nations follow the Berne copyright convention. For example, in the USA, almost everything created privately and originally after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not. The default you should assume for other people’s works is that they are copyrighted and may not be copied unless you know otherwise. There are some old works that lost protection without notice, but frankly you should not risk it unless you know for sure. 　 1)如果沒有版權(quán)標(biāo)識(shí)，就不會(huì)受到版權(quán)保護(hù)。大家默認(rèn)的是他人的作品已受到版權(quán)保護(hù)，不能隨意復(fù)制，除非你能確信它不受版權(quán)保護(hù)：有些年代久遠(yuǎn)的作品如果沒有標(biāo)識(shí)，就不受到版權(quán)保護(hù)，但坦白地說如果這一點(diǎn)不能肯定，你就不應(yīng)冒這個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。錯(cuò)。即使你免費(fèi)分發(fā)他人的作品，仍然是侵權(quán)。個(gè)人的音樂拷貝是唯一的例外，不被列入侵權(quán)行為。如果該作品沒有向業(yè)價(jià)值，侵權(quán)多是技術(shù)性的，不會(huì)受到起訴。錯(cuò)。要確定它是否受到版權(quán)限制，必須得要作者／所有者的書面證明：我準(zhǔn)予某某不受版權(quán)限制。合理使用”可以免除版權(quán)限制，它的設(shè)立使人們可以使用某些作品，而不必經(jīng)過作者的同意，這些作品包括解說詞、模仿詩文、新聞報(bào)道以及那些對(duì)受版權(quán)保護(hù)的著作的研究和宣傳的作品。但涉及到故意侵權(quán)和損害具有商業(yè)價(jià)值的作品時(shí)就要慎重考慮了。這種行為不是合理使用”?！?5) If you don’t defend your copyright you lose it.” – Somebody has that name copyrighted!” False. Copyright is effectively never lost these days, unless explicitly given away. You also can’t copyright a name” or anything short like that, such as almost all titles. You may be thinking of trademarks, which apply to names, and can be weakened or lost if not defended. Like an Apple” puter. Apple Computer owns” that word applied to puters, even though it is also an ordinary word. Apple Records owns it when applied to music. Neither owns the word on its own, only in context, and owning a mark doesn’t mean plete control.　 5)如果你不保護(hù)好你的版權(quán)你就會(huì)失去它——有人就可以取得那個(gè)名字的版權(quán)?，F(xiàn)在，版權(quán)是一直有效的，除非它明確被出讓。你或許會(huì)設(shè)想某些與名字有關(guān)的商標(biāo)，如果不加以保護(hù)是否會(huì)削弱或者喪失。而蘋果唱片則只有用于音樂時(shí)才擁有它?！?)If I make up my own stories, but base them on another work, my new work belongs to me.” False. . Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are called derivative works” – works based on or derived from another copyrighted work – is the exclusive province of the owner of the original work. This is true even though the making of these new works is a highly creative process. If you write a story using settings or characters from somebody else’s work, you need that author’s permission. 　 　6)如果基于另外一部作品， 我自己編撰了一個(gè)故事，那么這部新作品就屬于我所擁有。美國的版權(quán)法十分明確地指出那些所謂派生作品”的編撰，即以另一部受版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品為素材或從中演纖出來的作品，是原著作者獨(dú)有的，即使那些新作品的編撰經(jīng)過高度創(chuàng)作加工，原著的所有權(quán)是不能改變的。你就需要征得作者的同意。版權(quán)法主要是民事法?！?) Oh, so copyright violation isn’t a crime or anything?” Actually, recently in the USA mercial copyrightviolation involving more than 10 copies and value over $2500 was made a felony. So watch out. On the other hand, this is a fairly new, untested statute. In one case an operator of a pirate BBS that didn’t charge was acquitted because he didn’t charge, but congress amended the law to cover that.8)因而版權(quán)侵犯不能算作犯罪？事實(shí)上，美國法律最新規(guī)定，復(fù)制超過10冊(cè)，價(jià)值超過2 500美元的商業(yè)版權(quán)侵犯就會(huì)被定為重罪。不過，這是一條相當(dāng)新的法規(guī)，還未在實(shí)際案例中得到應(yīng)用。在此之后，國會(huì)修正了過去的法規(guī)以堵塞這個(gè)漏洞。是否需要免費(fèi)的廣告，這應(yīng)由所有者來決定。不要憑空設(shè)想免費(fèi)廣告是否會(huì)傷害業(yè)主，最好問問他們。即使你不能想像作者或作品的所有者會(huì)受到怎樣的傷害，只要想想這個(gè)事實(shí)，就會(huì)一日了然：網(wǎng)上盜版作品無疑對(duì)每一個(gè)使用者都會(huì)造成傷害，人們使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)這種奇妙的新技術(shù)，希望能干番事業(yè)，決非僅僅為了閱讀他人在網(wǎng)上的論戰(zhàn)。有一個(gè)副本并不意味擁有版權(quán)。然而除非事先行約定，電子郵件不受版權(quán)保護(hù)。你甚至可以進(jìn)行部分引有。當(dāng)然，如果有人把你發(fā)的郵件張貼出來，也不必大發(fā)雷霆。1. 他理個(gè)發(fā)就要收500元，簡(jiǎn)直不可思議。(grant)People grant you the privilege, so you should serve the people wholeheartedly.3. 天氣預(yù)報(bào)很重要，依據(jù)它我們才能決定什么時(shí)候出航。(violate) The sound of guns violated the usual calm of Sunday morning, and people had a strong feeling that the war was ing.5. 即使你每分鐘看3頁，到本周末你無論如何也看不完這本書。在所有從文理學(xué)院畢業(yè)并獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位的人中，有六分之一的人主修英語。他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，這種廣泛流行的偏見是錯(cuò)誤的，即英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生只能從事新聞或教學(xué)工作：事實(shí)上，主修英語的學(xué)生也為未來從事法律、醫(yī)學(xué)、商業(yè)和公職等職業(yè)做了相當(dāng)好的準(zhǔn)備。 of clear, logical selfexpression。有人還建議未來法學(xué)院的學(xué)生應(yīng)該選修政治、歷史、會(huì)計(jì)、商業(yè)管理，甚至人體解剖學(xué)、婚姻和家庭生活等課程。令人驚訝的是，許多法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院卻指出，如此專門化的準(zhǔn)備不但沒有必要，而且并不可取。這些技能也正是英語專業(yè)要教給學(xué)生掌握的技能。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試包括三個(gè)部份：首先是測(cè)試閱讀理解、圖型分類和書面材料評(píng)估等能力。第三個(gè)部份是檢測(cè)學(xué)生的文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、音樂、自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的一般知識(shí)?！s for medical schools, the main requirement for admission is only thirtytwo hours of science courses. This requirement is certainly no impediment to a major in English. Moreover many medical schools require a minimum score on the Medical College Admission Test, another test which offers an advantage to the wellrounded liberal arts student. The . evaluates four areas of petence: skill with synonyms, s, and word association。 general knowledge of literature, philosophy, psychology, music, art, and the social sciences。這一要求對(duì)主修英語的學(xué)生來說肯定不成問題。醫(yī)學(xué)院入學(xué)考試檢測(cè)四方面的能力：同義詞、反義詞和詞語聯(lián)想能力；從分?jǐn)?shù)到立體幾何學(xué)的基本數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)；文學(xué)、哲學(xué)、心理學(xué)、音樂、藝術(shù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的常識(shí)；以及熟悉中學(xué)和大學(xué)初始階段教過的生物學(xué)、化學(xué)和物理學(xué)基本原理的程度。學(xué)醫(yī)和行醫(yī)只會(huì)從對(duì)人的行為的洞察中受益無窮，而這種洞察卻是文學(xué)研究才能提供的。 they cannot make effective oral presentations。 they cannot direct other workers. Skill in analysis and munication is the essence of management. 很明顯，如此的洞察力對(duì)計(jì)劃以經(jīng)商為業(yè)的學(xué)生來說也是很有價(jià)值的。對(duì)這種教育計(jì)劃的需求是顯而易見的：只有技術(shù)性資格的畢業(yè)生能找到從商工作，但卻經(jīng)常難以居其位。雇主們抱怨說，這些表面上年輕有為的男女們根本不會(huì)有效地交流，因?yàn)樗麄兊奈淖帜芰Σ粔驈?qiáng)；他們不能夠從管理人員培訓(xùn)中學(xué)到東西；他們不能夠進(jìn)行有效的口頭表達(dá)；他們不能用書面形式報(bào)告他們的工作進(jìn)展或問題；他們不能夠指導(dǎo)其他工作人員。　Consequently the English major with an emphasis in business is particularly well prepared for a future in business administration. Nearly four hundred panies in fields ranging from banking and insurance to munications to manufacturing were asked whether they hired college graduates with degrees in English, even when those graduates lacked special training in the industry: Eightyfive percent of the panies said that they did. College graduates with degrees in English are working successfully in marketing, in systems engineering, in personnel management, in sales, in programming, in project design, and in labor relations.　　　因此，偏重商業(yè)經(jīng)營管理的主攻英語的學(xué)生為未來從事商業(yè)管理作好了充分準(zhǔn)備。擁有英語學(xué)位文憑的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在營銷、系統(tǒng)工程、人事管理、銷售、編程、項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)和勞資關(guān)系等領(lǐng)域都工作得十分