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北美出境旅游中的文化-閱讀頁

2025-07-13 09:46本頁面
  

【正文】 tive contribution to any of our twentyone civilizations is the black race. — Arnold J. Toynbee, noted 20th century scholar, historian and authorA Black skin means membership in a race of men which has never created a civilization of any kind. — John Burgess, 20th century scholar and founder, Political Science Quarterly康有為的《大同書》里,記載了他第一遇見黑人時(shí)的感受,然黑人之神,腥不可聞。其黑人之形狀也,鐵面銀牙,斜額如豬,直視如牛,滿兄長毛,手足深黑,蠢若羊豕,望之生畏。從衣衫襤褸、戴著鐐銬等待出賣的奴隸,到西裝革履地向公眾大談美國價(jià)值觀的貝拉克 ?奧巴馬黑人民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖馬丁?路德?金看到了這一點(diǎn),因此他成為全體美國人的英雄:“我們反抗的目的,與其說是為了反抗這一制度,不如說是為了更加完善這一制度。First edition Uncle Tom39。 published simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe and with an introduction by the English pastor Rev James Sherman, the novel caught the public imagination just at a turning point in popular support for American abolition. Battle of Gettysburg painting ‘死亡收成’(The Harvest of Death):戰(zhàn)場上陣亡的聯(lián)邦軍。歐蘇利文(Timothy O39。《蓋茲堡演說》(Gettysburg Address)亞伯拉罕吾等現(xiàn)相逢于此戰(zhàn)中一處浩大戰(zhàn)場。此乃全然妥切且適當(dāng)而為吾人應(yīng)行之舉。這群勇者,無論生死,曾于斯奮戰(zhàn)到底,早已使其神圣,而遠(yuǎn)超過吾人卑微之力所能增減。吾等生者,理應(yīng)當(dāng)然,獻(xiàn)身于此輩鞠躬盡瘁之未完大業(yè)。But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.5. 1865年—1918年的美國歷史內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后美國政府鼓勵(lì)民眾向西移民,還鼓勵(lì)修筑鐵路,連接西部至經(jīng)濟(jì)較發(fā)達(dá)的東岸地區(qū)。1869年連接美國東西海岸的鐵路竣工,鐵路帶給美國原居民更多沖突,當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)赝林最I(lǐng)和移民簽訂土地協(xié)議時(shí),雙方對協(xié)議內(nèi)容有不同理解。一場為生存而戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)斗開發(fā)了,許多土著買了槍械,襲擊移民宅地、馬車隊(duì)、鐵路和美國騎兵。土著被迫在貧瘠的土地上種植莊稼,他們不習(xí)慣種植,不能成為美國公民。1890年,最后一次戰(zhàn)斗屠殺了200多名蘇族人。土著美洲人的生活方式永遠(yuǎn)結(jié)束。在十九世紀(jì)末期,美國已成為世界工業(yè)大國,并出現(xiàn)新的科技(如電報(bào)和貝塞麥(轉(zhuǎn)爐)煉鋼法),興建更大的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA.The ceremony for the driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 18691897年田納西州百年博覽會(huì)使用電燈。s leading industrial nation. The availability of land and labor, the diversity of climate, the ample presence of navigable canals, rivers, and coastal waterways filling the transportation needs of the emerging industrial economy, and the abundance of natural resources all fostered the cheap extraction of energy, fast transport, and the availability of capital that powered this Second Industrial Revolution.Henry Ford and the Quadricycle, 1905. Photo: Model T1913 Ford Model T assembly line福特T型車流水線The efficiency of the assembly line allowed Ford to realize great gains in economy and productivity。在整個(gè)1920年代,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格不斷降低,工業(yè)利潤大幅增長,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展得異常繁榮。終于股市在1929年大崩盤,隨之而來的是經(jīng)濟(jì)大恐慌。德拉諾然而新政卻沒有完全生效,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后才徹底復(fù)蘇。接下來的戰(zhàn)爭成為美國歷史上代價(jià)最高昂的一場戰(zhàn)爭,然而前線和大后方創(chuàng)造的大量工作機(jī)會(huì)、以及軍工產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動(dòng)的生產(chǎn)復(fù)蘇,使美國經(jīng)濟(jì)完全走出了大恐慌的陰霾。咆哮的二十年代(Roaring Twenties)是指北美地區(qū)(含美國和加拿大)20世紀(jì)20年代這一時(shí)期。此外,十年內(nèi)一系列的美國國內(nèi)和國際事件也深刻地改變了20世紀(jì)上半葉的歷史進(jìn)程。 爵士樂,是一種起源於非洲形成於美國的音樂形式。阿姆斯特朗早年以演奏小號(hào)成名,後來他以獨(dú)特的沙啞嗓音成為爵士歌手中的佼佼者。早期藍(lán)調(diào)主要表現(xiàn)黑人的悲慘境遇和底層生活狀態(tài)(藍(lán)調(diào)的英文原字Blue除了指『藍(lán)色』之外亦有『憂鬱』之意),大多比較凄苦。爵士樂在其發(fā)展過程中除了有黑人音樂的根源外,還吸收了如古典音樂、民族音樂等諸多音樂元素,逐漸形成了今天多門多類的爵士樂,所傳遞的內(nèi)容也更為多樣,不只是早期的「黑人風(fēng)格」。大蕭條的影響比歷史上任何一次經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退都要來得深遠(yuǎn)。不管是歐洲、美洲還是澳大利亞,農(nóng)業(yè)衰退由于金融的大崩潰而進(jìn)一步惡化,尤其在美國,一股投機(jī)熱導(dǎo)致大量資金從歐洲抽回,隨后在1929年10月發(fā)生了令人恐慌的華爾街股市暴跌。這場災(zāi)難使中歐和東歐許多國家的制度破產(chǎn)了:它導(dǎo)致了德國銀行家為了自保,而延期償還外債,進(jìn)而也危及到了在德國有很大投資的英國銀行家。在所有國家中,經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的后果是大規(guī)模失業(yè):美國1370萬,德國560萬,英國280萬(1932年的最大數(shù)據(jù))。USA GDP annual pattern and longterm trend, 192040,in billions of constant dollars, based on data in Susan Carter, ed. Historical Statistics of the US: Millennial Edition (2006) series Ca9.Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash.Crowd at New York39。這一天,美國金融界崩潰了,股票一夜之間從頂巔跌入深淵,價(jià)格下跌之快連股票行情自動(dòng)顯示器都跟不上。但美國股票市場崩潰不過是一場災(zāi)難深重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)爆發(fā)的火山口。華爾街發(fā)出信號(hào),美國往地獄里沖!”(Mellon pulled the whistle, Hoover rang the bell, Wall Street gave the signal and the country went to hell)隨著股票市場的崩潰,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)隨即全面陷入毀滅性的災(zāi)難之中,可怕的連鎖反應(yīng)很快發(fā)生:瘋狂擠兌、銀行倒閉、工廠關(guān)門、工人失業(yè)、貧困來臨、有組織的抵抗、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)邊緣。城市中的無家可歸者用木板、舊鐵皮、油布甚至牛皮紙搭起了簡陋的棲身之所,這些小屋聚集的村落被稱為“胡佛村”。而街頭上的蘋果小販則成了大蕭條時(shí)期最為人熟知的象征之一。Man sleeping in a Baltimore fish market in July 1938.Dorothea Lange39。羅斯福就任美國總統(tǒng)后所實(shí)行的一系列經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,其核心是三個(gè)R:救濟(jì)(Relief)、改革(Reform)和復(fù)興(Recovery)。通過國會(huì)制定了《緊急銀行法令》、《國家產(chǎn)業(yè)復(fù)興法》、《農(nóng)業(yè)調(diào)整法》、《社會(huì)保障法案》等法案。但羅斯福新政時(shí)期產(chǎn)生的一些制度或機(jī)構(gòu)如社會(huì)安全保障基金、美國證券交易委員會(huì)、美國聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司、美國聯(lián)邦住房管理局、田納西河谷管理局等至今仍產(chǎn)生著影響。Created Equal: Act I Scene 3 Spirit of 1776: Boston (Federal Theater Project, 1935).NRA (National Recovery Administration) member: We Do Our Part19421945東亞及太平洋戰(zhàn)場戰(zhàn)局1942年中途島海戰(zhàn)后,盟軍扭轉(zhuǎn)了戰(zhàn)局,開始發(fā)動(dòng)反攻,1945年,美國在日本投放了兩顆原子彈,蘇軍也加入了對日作戰(zhàn),并很快殲滅關(guān)東軍,占領(lǐng)中國東北和北朝鮮;中國軍隊(duì)(包括國共兩黨的軍隊(duì))也轉(zhuǎn)入了局部反攻。在戰(zhàn)爭勝利后,以英國為首的歐洲國家,元?dú)膺M(jìn)一步大傷。美國藉著其經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事力量,成為世界頭號(hào)大國,與蘇聯(lián)平起平坐,并引發(fā)了冷戰(zhàn)。自1945年起,美國和蘇聯(lián)在許多地區(qū)和國家,進(jìn)行一連串代理人戰(zhàn)爭,最先有東德和西德的分裂,后來包括了朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭,以至六十年代初觸發(fā)核大戰(zhàn)危機(jī)的古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)。s address to the people of Berlin. Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.Ich bin ein Berliner.Under simultaneous and opposing pressures from the Allies and the Soviets, Germany was divided. The Berlin Wall separated West and East Berlin, the latter being under the control of the Soviets. On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech criticizing munism. Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of munism: Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in. The speech is known for its famous phrase Ich bin ein Berliner. Nearly fivesixths of the population was on the street when Kennedy said the famous phrase. He remarked to aides afterwards: We39。美國總統(tǒng)肯尼迪宣布對古巴施行制裁性封鎖,整個(gè)世界籠罩在一片核戰(zhàn)爭的危機(jī)之中。 1969年,美國太空人在月球上豎起國旗冷戰(zhàn)期間,蘇聯(lián)大力發(fā)展太空科技,派出了全球首個(gè)太空人加加林上太空。美國和蘇聯(lián)的冷戰(zhàn)至這段時(shí)期仍未停止。七十年代越南爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭,北越與南越開戰(zhàn),美國為阻止蘇聯(lián)和共產(chǎn)勢力擴(kuò)張,毅然介入越戰(zhàn)
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