【正文】 具體方法為：用鼠標(biāo)在這個點點擊右鍵出現(xiàn)的窗口中點擊屬性，進行坐標(biāo)輸入。同樣，對第二期原始觀測數(shù)據(jù)進行同樣方法的處理。經(jīng)過pass軟件處理，能夠獲得第一期和第二期觀測數(shù)據(jù)的平差網(wǎng)點圖、分別在WGS—84坐標(biāo)系和1954北京坐標(biāo)系下的包括基線向量、GPS網(wǎng)平差、各點坐標(biāo)和精度的報告，并對它們進行對比分析，從而預(yù)測大壩的形變情況。58’”112176。58’”101176。58’”112176。58’”112176。50’”112176。50’”112176。50’”112176。50’”112176。50’”112176。50’”112176。得到倆次觀測的坐標(biāo)值最大差值不超過3mm，且在允許的誤差范圍之內(nèi)，表明大壩沒有發(fā)生大的形變位移。尤其是在高精度的大型建筑物的變形監(jiān)測中中一機多天線監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的使用。本文通過對大壩變形監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)的研究，說明在大壩的施工、運營和維護過程中，任何小小的疏忽和失誤都會對大壩造成無法想象的損失，其后果不堪設(shè)想。運用GPS監(jiān)測技術(shù)，對大壩安全方面進行行之有效的監(jiān)測，在未來還需要繼續(xù)采用，且希望能夠與其他更先進的系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合，形成更完善的大壩監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。其中A、B兩級一般是國家GPS控制網(wǎng)。項目 級別ABCDE固定誤差a(mm)≤5≤8≤10≤10≤10比例誤差系數(shù)b(mm)≤≤1≤5≤10≤20相鄰點最小距離(Km)10015521相鄰點最大距離(Km)2000250401510相鄰點平均距離(Km)3007015~1010~55~2在城市GPS測量中，基線邊長相對中誤差要求如下表：等級平均距離(Km)A(mm)B(1106)最弱邊相對中誤差二等9≤10≤21/120000三等5≤10≤51/80000四等2≤10≤101/45000一級1≤10≤101/20000二級＜1≤10≤201/10000A為基線邊長的固定誤差，B為比例誤差系數(shù)（1106）；相鄰點最小距離為平均距離的1/2~1/3；最大距離為平均距離的2~3倍；當(dāng)邊長小于200m時，邊長中誤差應(yīng)小于20mm?；厥准韧约阂簧顚氋F的時光能于這樣的校園之中，能在眾多學(xué)富五車、才華橫溢的老師們的熏陶下度過，實是榮幸之極。這除了自身努力外，與各位老師、同學(xué)和朋友的關(guān)心、支持和鼓勵是分不開的。我的題目是理論界一直探討的熱門話題，老師的諄諄誘導(dǎo)、同學(xué)的出謀劃策及家長的支持鼓勵，是我堅持完成論文的動力源泉。從論文的選題、文獻的采集、框架的設(shè)計、結(jié)構(gòu)的布局到最終的論文定稿，從內(nèi)容到格式，從標(biāo)題到標(biāo)點，她都費盡心血。感謝測繪工程系的各位同學(xué)，與你們的交流使我受益頗多。 時間的倉促及自身專業(yè)水平的不足，整篇論文肯定存在尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)的缺點和錯誤。 SM)A concept, surveying and mapping (Surveying and Mapping。 GI): reflect the characteristics of geographical system and its factors, various information dynamic, rhythm, rhythm, cycle and distribution. The general is the image of geographic information, digital geographic information and file information. A variety of geographic information of modern geography through observation, statistics, document retrieval, aerial survey, ground measurements, the aircraft measurement for information on the surface of the earth and space condition.The concept of geographic information system (Geographical Information System。s surface and other information of Surveying and mapping (with map and topographic map), and study the earth39。s surface according to a certain proportion shrinking as topography, for scientific research, the national economic construction and planning design.Survey and design concept is the planning drawing design good building, structure location (position and Gao Cheng) with the measurement instrument and the measurement method on ground calibration as the basis for construction. Two, surveying and mapping science research objectObject mapping studies, usually is the surface of the earth (including land and sea) and fixtures. With the continuous development of science and technology, the research object will be extended to the distant space and other planets.Three, the task of Surveying and mappingTypically, surveying and mapping tasks are divided into three aspects as follows:1, the surface of the earth or the earth39。s Barcelona outburst of an arch dam, the dam is an example of the lack of necessary observation and caused great disaster. The dam was built in 1954, destroyed in 1959 December. The dam burst, store flood rushing downstream water level rise, instant. Depth of 7 15 meters, width of a kilometer to 70 km / h speed down speed, lasted 45 minutes, downstream 10 km Ferre eggplant, city in ruins before the dam, 8 kilometers a barracks 500 soldiers died. To this end, the French government set up a mission check. According to the survey said: because the dam slope local rock weak, the abutment inhomogeneous deformation and landslide caused by the dam burst. Set no observation instruments during the dam operation, building on the lack of regular inspection and observation of deformation before failure, failed to fully understand the dam reinforcement remedial measures, did not make the corresponding etc, is one of the most important causes of dam failure.The investigation that the dam failure lesson of the main is dam observation shall be equipped with a sufficient number of personnel and equipment, systematic observation of dam.So far, in water conservancy technology theory, is also very difficult to solve the problems in water conservancy project all, such as the stress state and stability calculation, the flow state, hydrological and engineering geological conditions. However, the modern practice of observation has to a great extent can make up for its shortings. For example, a dam dynamic, basically be by the dam external deformation observation, internal (stress, strain and so on) observation and seepage observation three timely, fully tested, and found problems in a timely manner. The deformation observation of dam in the world of maintenance, and some projects together, are put in the first place.In fact, the vast majority of the destruction of the dam, don39。s Barcelona arch dam after the crash, the deformation of dam observation work more attention, since the international conference to dam deformation observation of dam as an important content included in the agenda, and published a large number of observation data. The meeting in many countries (Committee) or government, to monitor reservoir or dam safety and much stricter regulations.Four, surveying and mapping science classificationSurveying and mapping science as a subject, can be divided into several independent discipline:1, geodesy (geodesy): is the space in a certain time reference system, measurement and description of the earth and other planetary bodies of a discipline. Another definition is studied in larger regional or global 3D geodetic control network, gravity network, determination of the earth39。s gravity field and its variation theory, technology and method of the subject. The main contents are: triangulation, traverse survey, leveling, astronomical measurement, gravity measurement, satellite geodesy, very long baseline interferometry, inertial measurement, ellipsoidal geodesy, the earth shape theory and surveying adjustment etc..[geodesy Knowledge Window] geodesy is one of the oldest Ap