【正文】 0, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84七、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣和主被動(dòng)（一）時(shí)態(tài)（先后順序：過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)）1. 一般定義用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3．表示一般狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)，比如know, signify（意味著），emit(發(fā)射)EG: Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor39。s birth.4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)不能表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，但是可以表示“可能性”Wrong: Quentin IS MEETING Harvey for lunch tomorrow. Right: Quentin WILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow. Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.5．一個(gè)句子中的不同動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。若一個(gè)句子里兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)不一樣，則時(shí)態(tài)近的是主句，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作通常代表一個(gè)背景介紹?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：have/has+過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞：since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)； within/over/during/in+時(shí)間段EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.(The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)2．而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的一個(gè)行為發(fā)生在過(guò)去，已經(jīng)結(jié)束且對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響。2．如果主句和分句主語(yǔ)相同，且以and, before, but等連接，如果句子邏輯上存在先后順序的話，主分句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。即一般過(guò)去時(shí)在過(guò)去完成時(shí)之前。s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.（四）虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣常見(jiàn)的兩種形式：1. 看起來(lái)不可能或者不真實(shí)的條件，用if, as if, as though引導(dǎo)Right: To overe my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless.2．proposal, desire, request等表“建議”、“命令”的詞用that引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man3．If…then….常見(jiàn)的五種句型 (then 經(jīng)常會(huì)被省略掉)（1）表示確定: If ＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), then ＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she bees ill.（2）表示某種程度的不確定: if ＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), then can／may＋I(xiàn)f she eats pizza, (then) she may bee ill.（3）確定用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)（現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的某些事情造成將來(lái)的影響）： if ＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，then＋一般將來(lái)時(shí) If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will bee ill.（4）不確定將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)： if ＋虛擬語(yǔ)氣 , then ＋情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋ If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would bee ill. (使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)此句中，作者認(rèn)為S不太可能吃披薩，所以情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would是對(duì)一個(gè)不太可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)。Right: IF you study diligently, [THEN] you will score highly. Right: You will score highly IF you study diligently.“if”從句中4．命令性的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，（比假設(shè)性虛擬更重要）（1）一般形式： 主語(yǔ)+命令性動(dòng)詞+that+從句主語(yǔ)+虛擬動(dòng)詞原型（沒(méi)有S沒(méi)有am,is,are）（2）暴力詞－只能用that從句的命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不能用不定式：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, remend, request, stipulate（規(guī)定）, suggest We demand THAT HE BE here.其中propose,當(dāng)句子中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞發(fā)起者均是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用不定式。 that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS b. BE作為虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候，只有Be的形式，沒(méi)有am ,is ,are BE ready before noon, Gary! c. GMAT中虛擬經(jīng)常錯(cuò)的幾種形式第一句：缺That第二句：disbands錯(cuò)，應(yīng)該沒(méi)有S第三句：沒(méi)有is第四句：沒(méi)有will第五句：沒(méi)有should正確：Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + Command SubjunctiveWe PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.d. 特例Want.，有時(shí)候使用want并不是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而只是一個(gè)不定式表目的 Right: The vicepresident WANTS her TO GO to the retreat. Wrong: The vicepresident WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.（五）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) BE(am,is,are/was,were)+過(guò)去分詞1．by后面一般跟動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者且一定是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； through 和because of 后面跟一些設(shè)備手段或者方法2．GMAT規(guī)則，主動(dòng)優(yōu)于被動(dòng)3．完成時(shí)態(tài)可用不及物動(dòng)詞，但被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可以，例如arrive,不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因?yàn)椴荒堋癮rrive something/something can`t be arrive”Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century. Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87Verbal Review: 3, 21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78OR 2nd Edition: 30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74八、GMAT 中常見(jiàn)的比較（一）常見(jiàn)的比較詞匯like vs as1．Like 是一個(gè)介詞，因此like后面只能跟名詞（或者動(dòng)名詞作名次，如like swimming,skating is great exercise）， 代詞或者名詞短語(yǔ)。（1）表示列舉的時(shí)候，只能用as,不能用like（2）like＋句子一定錯(cuò)?。ǘ┍容^的兩點(diǎn)重要規(guī)則1．比較的對(duì)象具有同等邏輯意思。s build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank39。s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank39。邏輯上顯然不通。. 所有格/所有物可以代表單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)，只有邏輯意思合理就行。s [car}. My toes are longer than Brian39。EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.I walk faster than Brian [walks}.I walk as fast now as [I walked] when I was younger.（3）有些句子為了不造成歧義，需要添加動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，以保持邏輯含義鮮明。（四）比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)OG 431．以ly結(jié)尾的副詞的比較級(jí)是more +該副詞，不要改成er形式EG: Adam runs more quickly than Jones.（沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，所以Jones后面省略does）2．比較級(jí)中一定要有一個(gè)than一個(gè)重要例子：A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 錯(cuò)（有歧義）A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (賓語(yǔ)的奔跑速度比較)A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it catch a cheetah. (同一主語(yǔ)抓捕速度比較)A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (不同主語(yǔ)抓w速度比較，補(bǔ)出情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can)12th Edition: 9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 100, D35, D37Verbal Review: 10, 23, 31, 33, 36, 42, 45, 68, 92OR 2nd Edition: 13,25,32,41, 44, 66, 85九、其他一些語(yǔ)法(Idioms)（零）習(xí)語(yǔ)amp。2．a(chǎn)nd 是GMAT 考試總最重要的連詞，它可以連接多個(gè)名詞，或多個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相同成分或者句子，注意and連接的前后成分一定要是并列的。（apples, grapes, and pears）2)連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句（意味著2個(gè)主語(yǔ)2個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，且并列）and前面如果有逗號(hào)，則后面必有主語(yǔ)！或者and 是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的2個(gè)動(dòng)作，則不需要逗號(hào)，直接用and連接。4．并列連詞：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；從屬連詞，although, because, before, after, since,when, if , unless, that, though, while（二）標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):逗號(hào)，分號(hào)，破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)1．逗號(hào)(1) 次要內(nèi)容會(huì)用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，但是主要內(nèi)容和主句一脈相承。EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.(3) 逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)完整的句子。（說(shuō)是“相對(duì)”，是因?yàn)殡m然語(yǔ)法上都能單獨(dú)成句，但是邏輯意思上第二句單獨(dú)出來(lái)的話就說(shuō)不通）EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable。如果原句有從屬關(guān)系，那么應(yīng)該保留比如原句是因果關(guān)系，則不用分號(hào)而用because。 THEREFORE, we never see them apart.(4) 分號(hào)還有個(gè)主要的用法：用來(lái)隔開(kāi)帶逗號(hào)的一串名詞。 Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat amp。 Fire。 and Blood, Sweat amp。(2) 冒號(hào)前的分句必須能夠單獨(dú)成句，冒號(hào)后的則不一定。EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was pletely different from what it would bee just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.4．破折號(hào)(1) 破折號(hào)的用法很富有彈性，既可以作強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，也能充當(dāng)冒號(hào)，分號(hào)。EG: My three best friendsDanny, Jimmy, and Joeyand I went skiing. (用逗號(hào)意思就變7個(gè)人了)(3) 破折號(hào)還可以重復(fù)或者解釋前半句的內(nèi)容。EG: PostMBA pensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that formanagement consultantsby tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.(4) 用的比較廣泛，破折號(hào)有雙的，也有單的。 its NUMBERS are now sus pected to be much MORE than before.? Right:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct。Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.同時(shí)，很重要的一點(diǎn)！避免意思重復(fù)：increase不能和rise/rising/risen／growing/grwth一起用！decrease不能和fall/fell