【正文】 sity) 對柱塞副之間油膜的壓力場特性開展微觀層次的研究工作；美國密蘇里哥倫比亞大學(University of MissouriColumbia)對柱塞腔內(nèi)的摩擦力，對滑靴副間隙泄漏特點，對配流副的容積效率進行了研究；伯明翰大學(University of Birmingham)對滑靴副油膜的壓力分布和承載能力開展試驗和理論分析等等。哈爾濱工業(yè)大學的許耀銘等對滑靴和配流副進行設計與試驗研究，同時在油膜理論方面進行了探索。浙江大學也對配流副與滑靴副潤滑特性進行了研究，并搭建了配流副潤滑特性試驗系統(tǒng)。隨著社會的進步，人們對工作環(huán)境的要求越來越高，噪聲是工作環(huán)境優(yōu)劣的一個重要衡量指標。在液壓設備中，泵/馬達是液壓設備的主要噪聲源。液壓噪聲和機械噪聲的交織形成了軸向柱塞泵的整體噪聲。我國的王意、葉敏、許賢良等通過研究配流過程推導出了相似的結論。 德國亞琛工業(yè)大學通過研究在泵/馬達的殼體上設置減震結構，在一定程度降低柱塞泵的振動，此項成果已經(jīng)在Rexroth的泵/馬達上應用。 1) 由于軸向柱塞泵/馬達配流結構，會產(chǎn)生較大的流量和壓力脈動，對控制的干擾比較大。斜盤泵主要依靠改變斜盤傾角來實現(xiàn)變量，傾角受傾覆力矩以及滑靴結構等因素的限制，一般在18176。德國Linde公司02 系列泵采用新滑靴球鉸結構使傾角增大到了21176。這種結構使其排量增大16%，體積縮小18% 。 （4）新材料與新工藝相關技術 由于軸向柱塞泵/馬達結構、運動和流場都比較復雜，其中的關鍵摩擦副對磨損和受力要求都很高，而且為了保證油膜間隙對加工精度的要求就更高，因此新材料的應用和新的制造工藝對軸向柱塞泵性能的提升也有著重要的意義。 三、軸向柱塞泵/馬達研究的新技術 近年來，隨著計算機運算能力的不斷增強和微電子傳感技術的發(fā)展，使得基于虛擬樣機技術的軸向柱塞泵的仿真技術和基于模型泵思想的軸向柱塞泵的試驗技術發(fā)展了起來。可以在計算機上建立機械系統(tǒng)的三維模型，模擬在現(xiàn)實環(huán)境下系統(tǒng)的運動和動力特性，它以對象的動力學/運動學模型為核心，其他相關模型為補充。而虛擬樣機的分析方法完全按照對象最本質(zhì)的因素建模，在動力學特性上非常接近于物理樣機，因而對虛擬樣機的仿真評估可以代替對物理樣機設計性能的評估。因此基于軸向柱塞泵/馬達的動力學關系，耦合液固兩種建模方式，建立兩種模型可以實時通信的虛擬樣機，用來進行軸向柱塞泵/馬達的仿真。這是一種初步的虛擬樣機的思想，對以后的研究有重要的啟發(fā)意義。Parker公司于2004年首次明確提出了采用虛擬樣機的思路對軸向柱塞泵進行研究。對柱塞腔的摩擦力、壓力脈動和部分結構件的動態(tài)應力狀況進行了仿真分析，為泵的設計及產(chǎn)品優(yōu)化開辟了新的途經(jīng)。 采用虛擬樣機的仿真手段可以降低試驗成本，提高試驗效率，縮短產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)周期，對于軸向柱塞泵/馬達的開發(fā)和故障診斷都有著重要意義。例如2004年，MANRING教授搭建了柱塞副靜態(tài)特性的試驗裝置，用一個靜態(tài)柱塞副研究其油膜特性，這種方法和實際相差較遠，僅能定性的做一些理論驗證。這就是模型泵的試驗思想，以實際泵/馬達為基體，采用微傳感器和無線數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)燃夹g實現(xiàn)在動態(tài)情況下在線檢測泵/馬達的特性參數(shù)，模型泵甚至可以和實際產(chǎn)品一樣驅(qū)動負載。這種基于模型泵思想的測試平臺對元件的優(yōu)化和改進有著十分重要的指導意義。試驗臺采用細小的熱電偶和和微型壓力傳感器來測試溫度分布和壓力值，采用無線傳輸?shù)姆椒ò褦?shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)接嬎銠C上，結果表明測量結果和實際吻合很好。用三維壓力傳感器來測量摩擦力、傳感器數(shù)據(jù)線通過缸體到主軸，然后無線傳輸至計算機上。由于中國液壓行業(yè)的基礎薄弱，和國外的技術水平相比，國內(nèi)還是比較落后的，在軸向柱塞泵/馬達領域主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面。比如Rexroth、Eaton、Linde、Parker、Denison、Danfoss、Hawe、Yuken等；另外小松、川崎和三菱等一些企業(yè)，生產(chǎn)的泵/馬達直接為自己的工程機械整機配套。 3) 國外產(chǎn)品性能出色，技術更新快。4) 就變量控制方式來講，國外產(chǎn)品變量方式比較多，而且各種變量方式又有很多可選功能。 四、結論 縱覽軸向柱塞泵/馬達技術漫長的發(fā)展演變，可以得出以下三點結論： (1) 軸向柱塞泵/馬達在發(fā)展中，基本結構保持了穩(wěn)定，高速高壓以及良好的控制方法是其發(fā)展的方向。 (3) 雖然軸向柱塞泵/馬達技術還比較落后，但旺盛的需求對軸向柱塞泵/馬達技術的發(fā)展有很大的推動作用。附錄BAXIAL PISTON PUMP/MOTOR TECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION（YangHuaYong ZhangBin XuBing）Axial piston pump/motor is important in hydraulic system of power ponents and actuators, widely used in the industries of hydraulic and walking hydraulic field in modern hydraulic ponents, is the most widely used hydraulic ponents. In addition, because of the axial piston pump/motor manufacturing process of plex structure, and the material requirements, so it is very high technical content high hydraulic ponents.In recent years, with the materials, manufacturing and electronic technology development, the axial piston pump/motor new technologies such as the Netherlands emerge in endlessly, the pany covers the development Innas Cup structure axial piston pump, Danfoss Danish Saur was for engineering machinery madetomeasure H1 series pump, Germany Rexroth muti _ function the electronic intelligence pump etc. And our country since the 20th century 7039。, so as the hydraulic motor start torque output and the effect is good. But its structure is plex, the poor, and cannot realize ventilation shaft type structure, plus the variable structure is plex, the hydraulic field in modern pump as the application.Inclined dish pump besides inclined dish than axial pump Angle slightly smaller and other aspects have gained good performance. This paper will focus on inclined dish of pump is introduced.In recent years, the axial piston pump is the development trend of the below shows some new characteristics.i) highspeed, high pressure is axial piston pump/motor development direction. This reflects its power density, and make it can directly with the engine, application more convenient.ii) both quantitative and variable axial motor, due to start torque and good performance characteristics, have good prospects.iii) light axial piston pump due to cost around 20% higher than vane pump, but the high performance than, can pete with vane pump, this is the axial piston pump is a development trend of.iv) and electronic technology, bining various control method. Rexroth pany of electronic pump pressure, flow accurate closedloop control. Besides frequency conversion control in hydraulic elevator, gradually began to use plastic field.Second, the key technology and research situation(i) key lubrication and friction and wear optimization techniqueAxial piston pump/motor in its development process flow, plunger deputy vice and plunger with inclined dish contact vice (now basically is sliding boots structure) the friction pair has not occurred three big changes. They are oil absorption, oil pressure, flow pump/motor work pleted the most important link, also produce energy dissipation, leakage, flow pulsation of the pump/motor, the performance and life is closely related with the friction pair, thus friction pair of modification and optimization has bee the axial piston pump/motor is the most important one of the key technology.Purdue University (Purdue professor by Monika) leads the plunger of oil film dynamics space, friction and energy dissipation of the different shapes of plunger by friction, the distribution of cylindrical and not the best friction state of plunger shape, as shown in figure 5, and that the plunger piston cavity in the micro motion is more plex, as shown in figure 6, this movement can be simplified for piston axis of rotation, in A Zx section and B section in relative Zx shaft centerline of plunger X and Y directions in the direction of the partial distance vector e = {e1, e2, e3 and e4}, through the type (i) can be used to solve the plunger of the stress condition, the micro motion model is also obtained the corresponding experiment .Germany RWTH Aachen industrial university (Aachen) focused on pressure gradient and friction on the research and analysis of the piston pump/motor three pairs of friction distribution regularity with capacity.In addition, the overseas many research institutions for the relevant research. British University of Bath), leads (Japanese association (new) Niigata lead