【正文】 the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and humanheartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. A man of ren loves others (任者愛(ài)人) .Fan Chi asked about ren. Confucius said, Love all men.” (樊遲問(wèn)任，子曰“愛(ài)人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues。s greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the plete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yatsen said。 loyalty and piety (忠孝), affection and love (仁愛(ài)), faithfulness and righteousness (信義), peace and harmony (和平), as pointed out by Dr. Sun Yatsen. Now let39。 What did he mean? Zeng Zi replied: Our master39。reciprocity39。 Loyalty—loyal to the country, loyal to the people, loyal to one39。t it a high standard of morals? Reciprocity—to think in the position of others (設(shè)身處地為他人著想)，to e to the rescue when others are in difficulty (救人危難) /treat other people as you would do to yourself (推己及人), be considerate of others. Isn39。 desiring himself to succeed, helps others to succeed. To judge others by what one knows of oneself is the method of achieving 39。. Men of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of their virtue. On the contrary they will sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue.Comments：These maxims have bee the motto (座右銘) of many Chinese revolutionaries who, at the critical moment of life and death, would rather die than surrender themselves to the enemy, just to preserve their principles and to keep their integrity of morals.Confucius39。s Eve Party.3. Faithfulness and Righteousness (信義)Confucius said, Riches and honor acquired by unrighteous means are to me as drifting clouds.Zi Gong asked what a gentleman is, Confucius said, A gentleman first practices what he preaches and then preaches what he practices.In the face of benefits, one would think of righteousness。 in longterm poverty, one does not forget his principle—such a man may be regarded as a perfect man.Comments：These words of Confucius have been esteemed by the Chinese people as a high standard of morals and spiritual strength. Later Mencius developed these words into “One, who would not corrupt before riches and honors, nor swerve in poverty nor bend under pressure and power, can be considered as a great man which has bee the motto of many revolutionaries.4. Peace and Harmony (和平)Confucius said, A gentleman is always calm and at ease while an inferior man is always worried and full of distress. Isn39。t feel annoyed when others do not understand him? A Man of virtue has nothing to contend with others for.A knowledgeable man looks as if he were void of knowledge。s why he failed to find a ruler who would accept his advice at the time of the Warring States. In my opinion, the best way to rule a country is to govern by laws and cultivate the people and officials with virtues.2. Confucius goes against the stream of history. The world is developing and the society is progressing. In the time of the Warring States, Confucius still insisted in restoring the ritual of the Zhou Dynasty and regarded it as his lifelong mission. That39。微子篇》)What the peasants said is right. Since Confucius failed to alter things in society, he is no better than a person who flees the world. But Confucius said, One cannot herd together with birds and wild beasts. (鳥(niǎo)獸不可與同群) Confucius also said, Only women and inferior men are hard to deal with.（唯女子與小人難養(yǎng)也——《論語(yǔ)夫妻間擁抱、親吻，父母、子女間親臉、親額頭，兄弟姐妹及平輩之間親面頰。擁抱、親吻在西方國(guó)家使用相當(dāng)普遍，無(wú)論是官方還是民間，是喜慶還是喪葬的場(chǎng)合都可使用。 西方人是不肯隨便交換名片的，除了初次會(huì)面、為了通知住所或其他必要的時(shí)間外，有的夫妻還共用一張名片。 西方人對(duì)于自己的時(shí)間是非常珍惜的，每天的時(shí)間都有安排，若來(lái)一個(gè)不速之客打破他們的計(jì)劃，是他們最不高興的事。 歐美人在招待客人時(shí)十分實(shí)在。另外，請(qǐng)人吃飯，主人也以飯菜全吃完而高興。如到女主人家拜訪，若女主人沒(méi)請(qǐng)你脫大衣，你最好就穿著。 英國(guó)人愛(ài)獨(dú)處，不經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)或約定去拜訪英國(guó)人的家庭被視為對(duì)其私生活的干擾。女子一般施屈膝禮。 法國(guó)人熱情，萍水相逢就能親熱交談。法國(guó)人時(shí)間觀念強(qiáng)，工作計(jì)劃性也強(qiáng)，與他們約會(huì)、拜訪必須事先約定時(shí)間。社交場(chǎng)合，法國(guó)人不愿他人過(guò)問(wèn)個(gè)人私事。 德國(guó)人以遵守公共秩序?yàn)闃s，注重工作效率。社交場(chǎng)合，德國(guó)人習(xí)慣行握手禮，親朋好友相見(jiàn)施擁抱禮。 丹麥人講究禮儀，很多方面保留著宮廷色彩。一般人習(xí)慣行握手禮，禁止四人交叉握手。 加拿大人既有英國(guó)人的含蓄，又有法國(guó)人的開(kāi)朗，還有美國(guó)人的無(wú)拘無(wú)束，不喜外來(lái)人拿美國(guó)與他們相比。在社交場(chǎng)合習(xí)慣行握手禮，親朋好友或情人之間行擁抱禮或親吻禮。 美國(guó)人性格開(kāi)朗，善于攀談，喜歡社交活動(dòng)。朋友見(jiàn)面，有時(shí)只說(shuō)聲“Hello”即算打了招呼。經(jīng)常使用“Sorry”、“Thank you”、“OK”等禮貌用語(yǔ)。對(duì)美國(guó)女土不能贈(zèng)送香水、衣物與化妝品。 2)亞太地區(qū) 亞太地區(qū)主要受東方文化影響，但也因過(guò)去西方殖民的原因，滲透了西方文化的精神，因此，各國(guó)的不同歷史和實(shí)現(xiàn)，形成了彼此不同的交往習(xí)俗。見(jiàn)面時(shí)一般都互致問(wèn)候，脫帽鞠躬，表示誠(chéng)懇、可親。如果是老朋友或比較熟的人就主動(dòng)握手或深鞠躬，甚至擁抱。見(jiàn)面時(shí)，常用“請(qǐng)多關(guān)照”、“拜托您了”、“托您的?！钡榷Y貌語(yǔ)。 日本人最常使用的行禮方式是“屈體禮”，可分為“站禮”和“坐禮”?！白Y”則包括“指尖禮”、“屈手禮”和“雙手禮”，一般在日本式房間的“榻榻米”上進(jìn)行。進(jìn)屋前要將鞋換下，并將鞋頭朝外。天熱時(shí)未經(jīng)主人許可，不可隨便脫衣服。 日本人不輕易請(qǐng)人做客，待客時(shí)敬茶不敬煙。到蒙古人家中做客，主人會(huì)十分真誠(chéng)地把客人請(qǐng)進(jìn)蒙古包，用右手與客人交換鼻煙壺，以示誠(chéng)摯歡迎。蒙古人一般不行脫帽禮，只用右手示意。在社交場(chǎng)合中，蒙古人也施握手禮，但最正統(tǒng)的禮節(jié)方式是敬獻(xiàn)藍(lán)色哈達(dá)與鮮奶。泰國(guó)人見(jiàn)面禮儀常用合十禮。長(zhǎng)輩也要合十還禮，手可不必高過(guò)前胸。平輩間相遇，雙手合十于胸前，稍稍低頭，互致問(wèn)候。泰國(guó)人只有在特定的場(chǎng)合才下跪，平民、顯貴包括總理在拜見(jiàn)國(guó)王及其近親時(shí)下跪，而包括國(guó)王在內(nèi)的所有泰國(guó)人，在叩拜高僧時(shí)也須下跪。泰國(guó)行握手禮主要限制在政府官員與知識(shí)分子階層。 在菲律賓，男士相逢，常以拍肩示禮。年輕姑娘見(jiàn)到輩，則要吻長(zhǎng)輩雙頰。伊斯蘭教徒施雙手握手禮，戶外相見(jiàn)若沒(méi)戴帽子，則須用左手捂頭。社交場(chǎng)合一般行握手禮。 馬來(lái)西亞人見(jiàn)面的傳統(tǒng)禮節(jié)是用右手捫胸示禮。年輕人見(jiàn)到年人時(shí)，一般要緊握對(duì)方的雙手，然后將雙手放到胸前作抱狀，身體朝前彎下，如鞠躬。到馬來(lái)西亞人家里做客，要脫鞋進(jìn)屋。在首都吉隆坡禁止在公共場(chǎng)合接吻。阿富汗人喜歡邀請(qǐng)人到家里做客。 巴西人直爽豪放，對(duì)客人最尊敬的禮節(jié)是請(qǐng)客人同主人一起洗澡。習(xí)慣當(dāng)著送禮者的面打開(kāi)禮品包裝。社交場(chǎng)合的見(jiàn)面禮節(jié)是微笑與握手。與親朋好友或情人見(jiàn)面，多施擁抱禮和親吻禮。非洲人初次相見(jiàn)時(shí)，一般先以左手握住自己的右手，然后再用右手與人相握。有的地方的人只是將雙手伸到將握未握之時(shí)便很快抽回，并要躬身吹幾口氣。阿拉伯國(guó)家的交往習(xí)俗別具一格，需要特別尊重。婦女相見(jiàn)吻頰，先右后左；男士相見(jiàn)吻頰，先左后右。女子與賓客見(jiàn)面則施屈膝禮。把薄荷綠茶作為待客的佳品。社交場(chǎng)合一般行握手禮，人們很講究彼此間有禮貌地打招呼。如果雙方是站著或坐著，問(wèn)候?qū)?huì)沒(méi)完沒(méi)了。生人見(jiàn)面，也會(huì)很有禮貌地打招呼。 尼日利亞人見(jiàn)面時(shí)，習(xí)慣先用大拇指輕彈對(duì)方手掌后再施握手禮。平民見(jiàn)酋長(zhǎng)，則需先脫鞋，然后下跪致禮問(wèn)候。同輩人相見(jiàn)，施握手禮并互致問(wèn)候。上層人士見(jiàn)面，互相親吻肩部。平民見(jiàn)官員或下級(jí)見(jiàn)上級(jí)，行鞠躬禮。坦桑尼亞人與客人見(jiàn)面，習(xí)慣先伸手拍自己的肚子，然后鼓掌，再與對(duì)方握手。 科威特人遵時(shí)守約，講信用。為表示尊敬，有時(shí)還要吻鼻子與額頭。待客時(shí)喜歡客人在餐桌上多吃，胃口好。ⅤReferences1．跨文化交流 Larry A. Samovar amp。 Iris Verner 清華大學(xué)出版社 2003 Page 31—655. 跨文化交際英語(yǔ)教程 許力生 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 2004 Page 121—1356. Intercultural Communication in Contexts Judith amp。 Milton nett Intercultrual . Page 45—52