【正文】 和不正當(dāng)交易基本上沒(méi)有漏洞可鉆。在這里，事后審查是指借款人應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施期間和貸款賬戶關(guān)閉后的2年之內(nèi)保存與每一份合同有關(guān)的全部采購(gòu)文件，以備世行及其所聘請(qǐng)的咨詢顧問(wèn)的審查。如果世行認(rèn)定所采購(gòu)的貨物、工程或服務(wù)與貸款協(xié)定或世行批準(zhǔn)的采購(gòu)計(jì)劃所規(guī)定的經(jīng)雙方同意的程序不符，或合同本身不符合這些程序，世行可以按照《指南》中的相關(guān)規(guī)定宣布為錯(cuò)誤采購(gòu)。我們應(yīng)加快這方面的立法建設(shè)，建立健全完善的監(jiān)督管理制度。因此，我們應(yīng)該把以《指南》為代表的世界先進(jìn)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)慣例作為招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法制建設(shè)的標(biāo)尺，結(jié)合我國(guó)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)自身的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，不斷推動(dòng)完善包括《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》在內(nèi)的相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。在招標(biāo)、投標(biāo)、開標(biāo)、評(píng)標(biāo)和定標(biāo)以及法律責(zé)任方面都做了較為詳細(xì)的規(guī)定，使我國(guó)的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動(dòng)能夠做到有法可依。 建筑工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)制在我國(guó)，建筑工程項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的重要性和緊迫性是在我國(guó)建筑業(yè)與國(guó)際接軌的過(guò)程中逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)的，建筑工程項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理是建立市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的需要，是建筑體制改革的重要組成部分，也是中國(guó)建筑業(yè)在國(guó)際建筑市場(chǎng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，由大變強(qiáng)的必要前提條件。因此，我國(guó)應(yīng)該遵循市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，采用法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)手段，引導(dǎo)和調(diào)控工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，避免行政干預(yù)，在這方面，《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》是缺乏的。 完善建筑工程招標(biāo)投標(biāo)管理體系從目前環(huán)境來(lái)看，我國(guó)雖然頒布了《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》，但是，該法的具體運(yùn)作難度很大，急需制定與之配套的法規(guī)和實(shí)施細(xì)則。對(duì)于招標(biāo)的范圍，建議采用國(guó)際的習(xí)慣作法，即對(duì)政府公共工程的均實(shí)行強(qiáng)制性公開招標(biāo)。在對(duì)承包商的資質(zhì)管理上應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行認(rèn)證注冊(cè)制度，只有在政府有關(guān)部門登記注冊(cè)的承包商進(jìn)行科學(xué)評(píng)估取得相應(yīng)資質(zhì)的投標(biāo)單位才能進(jìn)入有形建筑市場(chǎng)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)在的建筑施工企業(yè)資質(zhì)等級(jí)制度己經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)國(guó)際建筑市場(chǎng)的需要，所以，應(yīng)在將施工企業(yè)重新審定的總承包、分包、專業(yè)分包等幾十層次的基礎(chǔ)上，加大對(duì)建筑施工企業(yè)資質(zhì)審查的力度。它不是以“標(biāo)底”作為工程招標(biāo)的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評(píng)標(biāo)尺度，而是通過(guò)一套嚴(yán)密，科學(xué)的招標(biāo)操作程序和評(píng)標(biāo)辦法來(lái)決定工程合同的授予者。但是，鑒于前文提到的有標(biāo)底招標(biāo)中的種種問(wèn)題和弊病，逐步實(shí)施無(wú)標(biāo)底工程招標(biāo)是我國(guó)招標(biāo)工作努力的方向之一。但是，在現(xiàn)行的招標(biāo)活動(dòng)中，仍存在著種種問(wèn)題，例如：腐敗、不正當(dāng)交易、串標(biāo)等等。而造成這些問(wèn)題的原因之一就是我國(guó)尚不完善的招標(biāo)投標(biāo)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。即現(xiàn)階段，《招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法》應(yīng)在建設(shè)工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)制、招標(biāo)投標(biāo)管理體系及無(wú)標(biāo)底招標(biāo)等方面進(jìn)一步制定完善相關(guān)規(guī)定，促進(jìn)招標(biāo)投標(biāo)市場(chǎng)的繁榮發(fā)展。 Information, 2004, 32(6): 497—509.[6]Wardani M, Messner J, Horman M. 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Competitive Bid versus Negotiated Bid in Commercial Construction IndustryOne Contractor’s Perspective [J]. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 2003(5): 118—121.Competitive Bid versus Negotiated Bid in Commercial Construction IndustryOne Contractor’s PerspectiveIntroductionThe mercial construction industry, the segment of the industry that includes office, retail, hotel/resort, education, healthcare, and religious/cultural work, has undergone significant changes in the last 20 plus years. The 1997 economic census reported that the value of construction in the mercial and institutional classification for that year was $173,205,680,000 and that approximately 528,000 persons were employed in the mercial segment of the industry (. Census 2000). Commercial construction represents from 35 to 40% of the construction industry market (Halpin and Woodhead 1998). From 1980 to 2002, general contractors working in the mercial market have gone from selfperforming 30 to 50% of a job to virtually no selfperformed work. Unless an owner requires self performance at a prescribed percentage of work, as some public owners do, general contractors have moved away from such responsibility. Much of this change has been driven by risk considerations.Reduced RiskSubcontracting Many general contractors feel that they have evolved into brokers of work for subcontractors. The general contractor moves the construction risk to the subcontractors, who must provide bonding for their work. While most public owners require the general contractor to bond the work, in the Arizona market the requirement is set forth by less than 50% of the private owners. General contractors in turn require that their major subcontractors provide a bond. The decision to require a subcontractor bond can be based on either a subcontract dollar amount ($100,000 and greater subcontracts) or a percentage of the total contract (subcontracts that account for 5% of more of the total contract amount). This has reduced the risk involved and the capital resources needed by general contractors. This factor alone has led to a significant increase in the number of general contracting firms in existence today. One factor contributing to the large number of general contractors is the relative ease in obtaining a statecontracting license. A search by the writers in May of 2002 of general contractinglicensing requirements found that 20 states do not require general contractors to be licensed. Commercial construction is an easy ineasy out business. Today, a student with a construction management degree can get some work experience and earn a general contractor’s license in a few years. As with any supply and demand relationship, the greater the number of general contracting firms, the more pressure there is to succeed in the bidding process. The owners of potential jobs are obviously aware of this petitive situation. This awareness depresses bid prices and profit margins. Where profit margins of 1015% were not unmon in the past, today they may be as low as 23%. In some areas of the subcontracting field, subspecialization has taken root. Concrete subcontractors may prefer to limit their scope of work to only flatwork or may have found a niche in offsite concrete. This trend of specialization, which has moved into so many areas of modern life, presents another challenge to the general contractor. It has increased the number of subcontractors for a given division of work that the general contractor must deal with during the bidding process. Labor Force The changing labor force should also be mentioned in conjunction with the subcontracting. Union membership has declined every year since 1982. The last 20 years has seen tremendous decrease in trade union influence across the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only % of all construction workers now belong to a union. This reduction in union influence in certain areas of the country has led to rise in a lowor unskilledlabor for