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【正文】 ergy per particle, which is essentially the depth of the potential well. Since a kilomole has ? molecules, this value is ?? J or . eV? (one electron volt is equal to ?? joules.) most chemical potentials are of this order of magnitude. To account for the effect of adding mass to a system, we need to add a term to our fundamental equation of thermodynamics: dnP dVT dSdU ???? () Here dn is the increment of mass added (in kilomoles) and ? is the chemical potential in joules per kilomole. If, in an open systkem, ),( nVSUU ? and dnnUdVVUdSSUdU VSnSnV , ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? () Then VSnU,?????? ???? () ? ?rvrorK That is, the chemical potential is defined as the internal energy per kilomole added under conditions of constant entropy and volume. If there is more than one type of particle added to the system (say mtypes), then Equation()bees jmj j dnP dVT dSdU ????? 1 ?, () With knVSjj nU,???????????? () The subscript kn means that all other sn39。 so ? in this case is simply the Gibbs function per kilomole of the substance. Finally ,if we take the differential of Equation(), we obtain jj jj jj dndnV dPP dVSdTT dSdU ?? ?? ?????? () Equating Equations() and (), we have 01 ??? ?? jmj j dnV dPSdT ? () A relation known as the GibbsDuhem equation . Taking the differential of equation () gives jj jjj j dndndG ?? ?? ?? () Note that ? ?mnnPTGG .. .., 1? .thus if we have a process that takes place at constant temperature and pressure, the first two terms of Equation () vanish so the sum also vanishes. Equation() then yields the important result ? ? jj jPT dndG ?? ?, ()
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